Nuclear escalation seemed like a bad memory from the Cold War. However, the use of atomic weapons in Russian speeches has reappeared, China is doubling its nuclear arsenal and North Korea is seeking to reach the United States with its ballistic capabilities. Against this backdrop, this article looks at the history of NATO's nuclear strategies, as well as those of Moscow and Beijing.
Keir A. LIEBER and Daryl G. PRESS, Foreign Affairs, 24 October 2023