{"id":41292,"date":"2023-06-30T12:47:52","date_gmt":"2023-06-30T11:47:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/?page_id=41292"},"modified":"2025-09-03T10:12:45","modified_gmt":"2025-09-03T09:12:45","slug":"la-defense-nationale","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/la-defense-nationale\/","title":{"rendered":"National defence"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"41292\" class=\"elementor elementor-41292\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9638ad0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9638ad0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd2120f elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget-tablet__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd2120f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La d\u00e9fense nationale<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6632b5 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f6632b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:100}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30f11d2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"30f11d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-185fa21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"185fa21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1065\" src=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/DEFENSE_NATIONALE_3006-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-41225\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/DEFENSE_NATIONALE_3006-1.png 1600w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/DEFENSE_NATIONALE_3006-1-1536x1022.png 1536w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/DEFENSE_NATIONALE_3006-1-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04293db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04293db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">La d\u00e9fense nationale ajoute \u00e0 ce qui rel\u00e8ve de la d\u00e9fense militaire tout ce qui porte atteinte \u00e0 notre souverainet\u00e9, \u00e0 nos int\u00e9r\u00eats et \u00e0 notre libert\u00e9 sans recourir \u00e0 la force arm\u00e9e. Relevant des <em>intentions hostiles et \u00e0 vis\u00e9e politique <\/em>des acteurs, son p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre d\u00e9pend de l\u2019\u00e9volution des <em>menaces <\/em>au sein du syst\u00e8me international, elles-m\u00eames conditionn\u00e9es par l\u2019\u00e9volution des interactions internationales.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Par exemple, la mondialisation \u00e9conomique ayant suivi la fin de la Guerre froide a cr\u00e9\u00e9 des asym\u00e9tries entre les \u00c9tats qui peuvent \u00eatre \u201carsenalis\u00e9es\u201d dans un contexte de rivalit\u00e9 politique. Ce cercle comprend donc des modes d\u2019actions tr\u00e8s vari\u00e9s, comme la coercition \u00e9conomique, la d\u00e9sinformation, le <em>lawfare <\/em>ou les cyberattaques. Il int\u00e8gre le respect des alliances, des trait\u00e9s et accords internationaux, et des politiques communes europ\u00e9ennes.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-506c01a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"506c01a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6eb0ffa elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-1 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid\" data-id=\"6eb0ffa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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CSS *\/\n\/* Start custom CSS for container, class: .elementor-element-b50841b *\/.card-wrapper:hover{\n    cursor: pointer\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"53532\" class=\"elementor elementor-53532 e-loop-item e-loop-item-52148 post-52148 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-defense-nationale category-lundis-de-lihedn category-notre-selection\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<a data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b50841b e-con-full card-wrapper e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b50841b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/notre-selection\/la-defense-nationale-histoire-et-theorie-par-le-professeur-philippe-vial\/\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e9cf7e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e9cf7e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d3e214 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9d3e214\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/BANDEAU_VALMY_JANVIER_2025.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-52157\" alt=\"La bataille de Valmy, le 20 septembre 1792, par Horace Vernet.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/BANDEAU_VALMY_JANVIER_2025.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/BANDEAU_VALMY_JANVIER_2025-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/BANDEAU_VALMY_JANVIER_2025-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d429f58 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d429f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac7d71c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ac7d71c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67d7ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"67d7ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00ab La d\u00e9fense nationale, histoire et th\u00e9orie \u00bb, par le professeur Philippe Vial<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d94f5e2 metadata elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d94f5e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-0180e66 elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-tags\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPost\u00e9 le \t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-fbc0364 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>13 January 2025<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22bacf elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"c22bacf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\tLa notion de d\u00e9fense nationale, fondamentale pour notre institution, a une histoire riche et mouvement\u00e9e. L'historien Philippe Vial l'a retrac\u00e9e lors d'une conf\u00e9rence devant les...\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72403ad elementor-position-inline-end elementor-mobile-position-inline-end elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"72403ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-arrow-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M190.5 66.9l22.2-22.2c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0L441 239c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9L246.6 467.3c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.2-22.2c-9.5-9.5-9.3-25 .4-34.3L311.4 296H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24v-32c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h287.4L190.9 101.2c-9.8-9.3-10-24.8-.4-34.3z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEn savoir plus\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"53532\" class=\"elementor elementor-53532 e-loop-item e-loop-item-51120 post-51120 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-defense-nationale category-lundis-de-lihedn category-notre-selection\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<a data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b50841b e-con-full card-wrapper e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b50841b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/stephane-taillat-en-cybersecurite-la-principale-vulnerabilite-des-etats-unis-cest-leur-propre-systeme\/\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e9cf7e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e9cf7e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d3e214 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9d3e214\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"960\" src=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Bandeau_TAILLAT_OCT2024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-51130\" alt=\"Entretien de St\u00e9phane Taillat pour l&#039;IHEDN\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Bandeau_TAILLAT_OCT2024.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Bandeau_TAILLAT_OCT2024-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Bandeau_TAILLAT_OCT2024-18x9.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d429f58 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d429f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac7d71c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ac7d71c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67d7ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"67d7ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">St\u00e9phane Taillat : \u00ab En cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9, la principale vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 des \u00c9tats-Unis, c\u2019est leur propre syst\u00e8me \u00bb<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d94f5e2 metadata elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d94f5e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-0180e66 elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-tags\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPost\u00e9 le \t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-fbc0364 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>21 October 2024<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22bacf elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"c22bacf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\tChercheur au Centre de recherche de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie militaire de Saint-Cyr Co\u00ebtquidan (CReC), l\u2019historien publie \u00ab De la cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Am\u00e9rique \u00bb, un \u00e9tat des lieux...\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72403ad elementor-position-inline-end elementor-mobile-position-inline-end elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"72403ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-arrow-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M190.5 66.9l22.2-22.2c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0L441 239c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9L246.6 467.3c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.2-22.2c-9.5-9.5-9.3-25 .4-34.3L311.4 296H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24v-32c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h287.4L190.9 101.2c-9.8-9.3-10-24.8-.4-34.3z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEn savoir plus\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"53532\" class=\"elementor elementor-53532 e-loop-item e-loop-item-50160 post-50160 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-defense-nationale category-lundis-de-lihedn category-notre-selection tag-esprit44\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<a data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b50841b e-con-full card-wrapper e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b50841b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/liberer-le-territoire-retablir-letat-ressouder-la-france\/\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e9cf7e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e9cf7e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d3e214 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9d3e214\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/liberer-territoire.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-50158\" alt=\"Lundis de l&#039;IHEDN | Lib\u00e9rer le territoire, r\u00e9tablir l\u2019\u00c9tat, ressouder la France\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/liberer-territoire.png 1920w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/liberer-territoire-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/liberer-territoire-18x10.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d429f58 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d429f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac7d71c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ac7d71c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67d7ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"67d7ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lib\u00e9rer le territoire, r\u00e9tablir l\u2019\u00c9tat, ressouder la France<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d94f5e2 metadata elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d94f5e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-0180e66 elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-tags\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPost\u00e9 le \t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-fbc0364 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>9 September 2024<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22bacf elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"c22bacf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEntre le premier d\u00e9barquement de juin et l\u2019annonce du gouvernement en septembre, le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de Gaulle et son entourage parviennent \u00e0 prendre une place majeure...\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72403ad elementor-position-inline-end elementor-mobile-position-inline-end elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"72403ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-arrow-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M190.5 66.9l22.2-22.2c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0L441 239c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9L246.6 467.3c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.2-22.2c-9.5-9.5-9.3-25 .4-34.3L311.4 296H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24v-32c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h287.4L190.9 101.2c-9.8-9.3-10-24.8-.4-34.3z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEn savoir plus\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"53532\" class=\"elementor elementor-53532 e-loop-item e-loop-item-49209 post-49209 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-defense-nationale category-lundis-de-lihedn category-notre-selection tag-esprit44\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<a data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b50841b e-con-full card-wrapper e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b50841b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/le-nerf-de-la-guerre-la-france-libre-a-la-conference-de-bretton-woods\/\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e9cf7e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e9cf7e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d3e214 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9d3e214\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BRETTONWOODS_ESPRIT44.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-49057\" alt=\"Lundis de l&#039;IHEDN | Le nerf de la guerre : la France libre \u00e0 la conf\u00e9rence de Bretton Woods\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BRETTONWOODS_ESPRIT44.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BRETTONWOODS_ESPRIT44-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BRETTONWOODS_ESPRIT44-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d429f58 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d429f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac7d71c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ac7d71c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67d7ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"67d7ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le nerf de la guerre : la France libre \u00e0 la conf\u00e9rence de Bretton Woods<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d94f5e2 metadata elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d94f5e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-0180e66 elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-tags\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPost\u00e9 le \t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-fbc0364 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>22 July 2024<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22bacf elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"c22bacf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\tQuatri\u00e8me \u00e9pisode de notre s\u00e9rie \u00ab Esprit 44 \u00bb en partenariat avec la Fondation Charles-de-Gaulle : avec une France libre initialement pauvre, comment financer le...\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72403ad elementor-position-inline-end elementor-mobile-position-inline-end elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"72403ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-arrow-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M190.5 66.9l22.2-22.2c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0L441 239c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9L246.6 467.3c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.2-22.2c-9.5-9.5-9.3-25 .4-34.3L311.4 296H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24v-32c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h287.4L190.9 101.2c-9.8-9.3-10-24.8-.4-34.3z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEn savoir plus\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"53532\" class=\"elementor elementor-53532 e-loop-item e-loop-item-48300 post-48300 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-defense-nationale category-lundis-de-lihedn category-notre-selection tag-esprit44\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<a data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b50841b e-con-full card-wrapper e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b50841b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/le-temps-des-batailles-combattre-sur-tous-les-fronts\/\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e9cf7e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e9cf7e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d3e214 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9d3e214\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Esprit-44-bandeau.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-48322\" alt=\"Lundis de l&#039;IHEDN | Le temps des batailles : combattre, sur tous les fronts\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Esprit-44-bandeau.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Esprit-44-bandeau-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Esprit-44-bandeau-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d429f58 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d429f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac7d71c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ac7d71c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67d7ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"67d7ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le temps des batailles : combattre, sur tous les fronts<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d94f5e2 metadata elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d94f5e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-0180e66 elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-tags\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPost\u00e9 le \t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-fbc0364 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>24 June 2024<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22bacf elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"c22bacf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDeuxi\u00e8me \u00e9pisode de notre s\u00e9rie \u00ab Esprit 44 \u00bb en partenariat avec la Fondation Charles-de-Gaulle. Nous explorons cette fois l\u2019engagement, sur diff\u00e9rents th\u00e9\u00e2tres d\u2019op\u00e9ration, de...\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72403ad elementor-position-inline-end elementor-mobile-position-inline-end elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"72403ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-arrow-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M190.5 66.9l22.2-22.2c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0L441 239c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9L246.6 467.3c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.2-22.2c-9.5-9.5-9.3-25 .4-34.3L311.4 296H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24v-32c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h287.4L190.9 101.2c-9.8-9.3-10-24.8-.4-34.3z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEn savoir plus\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"53532\" class=\"elementor elementor-53532 e-loop-item e-loop-item-47422 post-47422 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-defense-nationale category-lundis-de-lihedn category-notre-selection tag-esprit44\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<a data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b50841b e-con-full card-wrapper e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b50841b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/notre-selection\/esprit-44-ce-que-la-defense-nationale-doit-a-lannee-1944\/\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e9cf7e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e9cf7e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d3e214 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9d3e214\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/esprit-44.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-47426\" alt=\"Visuel pour l&#039;article &quot;Esprit 44&quot; de l&#039;IHEDN\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/esprit-44.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/esprit-44-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/esprit-44-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d429f58 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d429f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac7d71c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ac7d71c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67d7ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"67d7ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00ab Esprit 44 \u00bb : ce que la d\u00e9fense nationale doit \u00e0 l\u2019ann\u00e9e 1944<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d94f5e2 metadata elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d94f5e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-0180e66 elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-tags\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPost\u00e9 le \t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-fbc0364 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>13 May 2024<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22bacf elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"c22bacf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEn partenariat avec la Fondation Charles-de-Gaulle, l\u2019IHEDN explore tout au long de cet \u00e9t\u00e9 diff\u00e9rents \u00e9v\u00e9nements survenus il y a 80 ans, cruciaux \u00e0 la...\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72403ad elementor-position-inline-end elementor-mobile-position-inline-end elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"72403ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" 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Relevant des intentions hostiles et \u00e0 vis\u00e9e politique des acteurs, son p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre d\u00e9pend de l\u2019\u00e9volution des menaces au sein [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-41292","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>La d\u00e9fense nationale - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/la-defense-nationale\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La d\u00e9fense nationale - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La d\u00e9fense nationale La d\u00e9fense nationale ajoute \u00e0 ce qui rel\u00e8ve de la d\u00e9fense militaire tout ce qui porte atteinte \u00e0 notre souverainet\u00e9, \u00e0 nos int\u00e9r\u00eats et \u00e0 notre libert\u00e9 sans recourir \u00e0 la force arm\u00e9e. 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