{"id":39576,"date":"2023-05-15T11:20:43","date_gmt":"2023-05-15T10:20:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/?p=39576"},"modified":"2023-11-09T14:36:42","modified_gmt":"2023-11-09T13:36:42","slug":"le-perimetre-de-la-defense-nationale-la-specificite-de-lihedn","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/le-perimetre-de-la-defense-nationale-la-specificite-de-lihedn\/","title":{"rendered":"What is national defence and security? IHEDN's vocation"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Le d\u00e9cret\u00a02009-752 du 23\u00a0juin 2009 relatif \u00e0 l\u2019IHEDN dispose que l\u2019Institut \u00ab\u2009a pour mission <\/em>de d\u00e9velopper l\u2019esprit de d\u00e9fense et de sensibiliser aux questions internationales<\/em>\u2009\u00bb. Mais en quoi consiste la \u00ab\u2009d\u00e9fense nationale\u2009\u00bb,<\/em> qui donne son nom \u00e0 l\u2019Institut\u00a0et l\u2019\u00ab\u2009esprit de d\u00e9fense<\/em>\u2009\u00bb qui en est le vecteur\u2009? Depuis les textes fondateurs \u00e9labor\u00e9s \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation de la Ve<\/sup>\u00a0R\u00e9publique, le corpus constitutionnel, l\u00e9gislatif et r\u00e9glementaire a \u00e9volu\u00e9 sans permettre d\u2019en donner aujourd\u2019hui une d\u00e9finition incontestable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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LE CONCEPT INACHEV\u00c9 DE LA D\u00c9FENSE ET DE LA S\u00c9CURIT\u00c9 NATIONALE<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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La mise en place progressive d\u2019une culture de d\u00e9fense nationale en France <\/strong><\/p>

La capitulation de Sedan le 2\u00a0septembre 1870 marque la fin du Second Empire et conduit \u00e0 la proclamation de la R\u00e9publique. Cet \u00e9v\u00e9nement va mettre en exergue le lien avec la d\u00e9fense nationale qui donne son nom au gouvernement \u00e9ponyme du 4\u00a0septembre 1870. L\u2019arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 maturit\u00e9 du concept se mat\u00e9rialisera ensuite par le d\u00e9cret du 4\u00a0avril 1906 qui cr\u00e9e, en France, le premier Conseil sup\u00e9rieur de la d\u00e9fense nationale, en 1932 par l\u2019av\u00e8nement du premier minist\u00e8re de la D\u00e9fense nationale, suivi, en 1936, du Coll\u00e8ge des hautes \u00e9tudes de la d\u00e9fense nationale (CHEDN), anc\u00eatre de l\u2019IHEDN. La loi de 1938 sur l\u2019organisation de la Nation en temps de guerre, \u00e0 la r\u00e9daction de laquelle contribue Charles de Gaulle, poursuit cette dynamique.<\/p>

La constitution de la Ve<\/sup>\u00a0R\u00e9publique a donn\u00e9 une importance nouvelle \u00e0 la d\u00e9fense nationale en en attribuant la responsabilit\u00e9 au Premier ministre. Le premier Livre blanc sur la D\u00e9fense nationale, publi\u00e9 en 1972, est commun\u00e9ment identifi\u00e9 comme le document ayant pos\u00e9 les principes de la politique de d\u00e9fense de la France. Il pr\u00e9cise notamment que \u00ab\u2009la d\u00e9fense nationale, si elle se manifeste essentiellement par l\u2019existence de forces arm\u00e9es, s\u2019appuie sur bien d\u2019autres r\u00e9alit\u00e9s, d\u00e9mographiques, \u00e9conomiques, sociales et culturelles notamment<\/em>\u2009\u00bb. Apr\u00e8s la chute de l\u2019URSS, le Livre blanc de 1994 fut ensuite le seul qui accorda une place significative aux enjeux relatifs \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique et \u00e0 l\u2019opinion publique.\u00a0<\/p>

Le Livre blanc sur la d\u00e9fense et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale de 2008\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>

Le Livre blanc sur la d\u00e9fense et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale de 2008\u00a0introduit le concept de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale qui vise \u00e0 \u00ab\u2009parer aux risques et aux menaces susceptibles de porter atteinte \u00e0 la vie de la Nation<\/em>.\u2009\u00bb. Nos textes juridiques et notre strat\u00e9gie d\u00e9claratoire portent la trace d\u2019un intense bouillonnement, sans permettre de statuer sur une claire d\u00e9finition de concepts. Le code de la D\u00e9fense dispose\u00a0dans son Article\u00a0L1111-1<\/a>\u00a0: \u00ab\u2009La strat\u00e9gie de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale a pour objet d\u2019identifier l\u2019ensemble des menaces et des risques susceptibles d\u2019affecter la vie de la Nation. [\u2026] L\u2019ensemble des politiques publiques concourt \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale<\/em>.\u2009\u00bb. Le concept de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale est donc le plus englobant, en particulier parce qu\u2019il se r\u00e9f\u00e8re \u00e0 la fois aux risques et aux menaces. Cela la distingue de la d\u00e9fense nationale, plus restreinte, qui d\u2019apr\u00e8s le code concerne la r\u00e9ponse aux seules menaces\u00a0: \u00ab\u2009La politique de d\u00e9fense a pour objet d\u2019assurer l\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9 du territoire et la protection de la population contre les agressions arm\u00e9es. Elle contribue \u00e0 la lutte contre les autres menaces susceptibles de mettre en cause la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale.\u2009\u00bb<\/em><\/p>

Il est certain que, au fil du temps, notamment parce que pendant plusieurs d\u00e9cennies, le minist\u00e8re des Arm\u00e9es a \u00e9t\u00e9 appel\u00e9 minist\u00e8re de la D\u00e9fense, le terme de d\u00e9fense avait \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9duit dans le discours \u00e0 sa seule dimension militaire. Cet usage n\u2019est toutefois pas coh\u00e9rent avec les responsabilit\u00e9s constitutionnelles du Premier ministre, qui ont l\u2019a vu, sont beaucoup plus larges. C\u2019est donc ainsi dans cette acception large et interminist\u00e9rielle que doit \u00eatre compris le terme de d\u00e9fense qui figure dans le nom de l\u2019IHEDN.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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L\u2019ARTICULATION CONCENTRIQUE DE LA STRAT\u00c9GIE FRAN\u00c7AISE DE D\u00c9FENSE ET DE S\u00c9CURIT\u00c9 NATIONALE <\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Les missions confi\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019IHEDN peuvent ainsi \u00eatre repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es \u00e0 travers quatre cercles concentriques d\u00e9finis non pas au regard des responsabilit\u00e9s des diff\u00e9rents organes de l\u2019\u00c9tat, qui se recoupent souvent, mais des d\u00e9fis \u00e0 relever. Ces quatre cercles renvoient en effet \u00e0 des d\u00e9fis diff\u00e9rents.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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La d\u00e9fense militaire<\/strong><\/p>

Le premier cercle correspond \u00e0 la notion de d\u00e9fense militaire<\/em> et rel\u00e8ve de l\u2019emploi de la force arm\u00e9e. Il distingue la guerre et la paix, une distinction qui reste fondamentale. L\u2019emploi ou la menace d\u2019emploi de la violence physique, non pas contre un d\u00e9linquant, mais pour faire face \u00e0 une menace arm\u00e9e \u00e0 finalit\u00e9 politique, donne \u00e0 la d\u00e9fense militaire sa singularit\u00e9. La d\u00e9fense militaire ne saurait cependant \u00eatre de la seule responsabilit\u00e9 des forces arm\u00e9es. Elle engage \u00e9galement le n\u00e9cessaire soutien des citoyens\u2009; plus encore, l\u2019affrontement avec un \u00c9tat conduira aussi \u00e0 ce que d\u2019autres menaces que les seules menaces militaires soient mises \u00e0 ex\u00e9cution. C\u2019est l\u2019objet de la d\u00e9fense nationale que d\u2019\u00e9largir le spectre des menaces envisag\u00e9es.<\/p>

La d\u00e9fense nationale<\/strong><\/p>

Le deuxi\u00e8me cercle ajoute \u00e0 ce qui rel\u00e8ve de la d\u00e9fense militaire tout ce qui porte atteinte \u00e0 notre souverainet\u00e9, \u00e0 nos int\u00e9r\u00eats et \u00e0 nos libert\u00e9s sans recourir \u00e0 la force arm\u00e9e. Ce deuxi\u00e8me cercle, celui de la d\u00e9fense nationale, rel\u00e8ve des intentions hostiles et \u00e0 vis\u00e9e politique<\/em> des acteurs. Les menaces se distinguent du risque, qui est la simple possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019un \u00e9v\u00e9nement dommageable. Elles peuvent porter atteinte \u00e0 la stabilit\u00e9 de notre environnement international (d\u00e9stabilisation, instrumentalisation de flux migratoires, atteinte \u00e0 notre r\u00e9putation) \u00e0 la coh\u00e9sion de la nation (d\u00e9sinformation, subversion, ing\u00e9rence) et \u00e0 notre \u00e9conomie (prise de participation dans des entreprises sensibles, normes extraterritoriales, espionnage, etc.).<\/p>

La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale<\/strong><\/p>

Le troisi\u00e8me cercle correspond \u00e0 la notion de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale, englobant ainsi, au-del\u00e0 de la d\u00e9fense nationale, la gestion des crises suffisamment graves pour qu\u2019elles portent atteinte \u00e0 notre soci\u00e9t\u00e9, \u00e0 nos institutions ou \u00e0 nos int\u00e9r\u00eats de puissance. Ces crises ne rel\u00e8vent pas d\u2019une intention de nuire \u00e0 dimension politique, mais portent tout de m\u00eame atteinte \u00e0 l\u2019organisation de l\u2019\u00c9tat ou de son syst\u00e8me politique, aux infrastructures ou aux entreprises critiques (OIV). Les principaux secteurs susceptibles d\u2019\u00eatre touch\u00e9s par ces risques sont les suivants\u00a0: la sant\u00e9 de la population\u2009; nos infrastructures d\u2019importance vitale\u2009; les flux d\u2019approvisionnement de notre \u00e9conomie, notamment pour les ressources essentielles\u2009; l\u2019environnement\u2009; notre patrimoine culturel\u2009; notre syst\u00e8me financier. Ils peuvent subir les cons\u00e9quences, soit de catastrophes (pand\u00e9mies, catastrophes naturelles ou technologiques) soit de ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes sociaux qui ne sont pas par eux-m\u00eames activ\u00e9s par une volont\u00e9 politique hostile, mais qui par leur ampleur portent atteinte \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 de notre population (trafics de drogue), \u00e0 la transparence des flux financiers (crime organis\u00e9), \u00e0 nos approvisionnements par voie maritime (piraterie), \u00e0 notre \u00e9conomie (crise financi\u00e8re) ou \u00e0 la coh\u00e9sion de notre soci\u00e9t\u00e9 (instabilit\u00e9 g\u00e9opolitique, par exemple lorsqu\u2019elle g\u00e9n\u00e8re des flux migratoires).<\/p>

La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 internationale<\/strong><\/p>

Enfin, la protection contre ces atteintes \u00e0 la d\u00e9fense et \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale ne saurait \u00eatre garantie sans action en faveur de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 internationale, qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse de l\u2019action diplomatique bilat\u00e9rale ou multilat\u00e9rale, de la ma\u00eetrise des armements ou de la promotion des m\u00e9canismes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 collective. Elle rejoint les m\u00e9canismes \u00e9voqu\u00e9s dans le cadre de la d\u00e9fense nationale.<\/p>

La cr\u00e9ation en 2021 par l\u2019IHEDN d\u2019une session nationale unique compos\u00e9e de cinq majeures<\/a> r\u00e9pond \u00e0 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de nourrir la r\u00e9flexion sur la d\u00e9fense nationale, en restant conscients des enjeux sp\u00e9cifiques li\u00e9s \u00e0 la d\u00e9fense militaire et \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale et internationale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

How can we define this fundamental concept that the IHEDN is tasked with studying? Lieutenant General Beno\u00eet Durieux proposes to draw its perimeter using four concentric circles.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":39639,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[207,208,41,171,209,210],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39576","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-defense-militaire","category-defense-nationale","category-lundis-de-lihedn","category-notre-selection","category-securite-internationale","category-securite-nationale"],"yoast_head":"\nLa d\u00e9fense et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale, qu'est-ce que c'est ? la vocation de l\u2019IHEDN - L'IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/le-perimetre-de-la-defense-nationale-la-specificite-de-lihedn\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La d\u00e9fense et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale, qu'est-ce que c'est ? la vocation de l\u2019IHEDN - L'IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Comment d\u00e9finir cette notion fondamentale que l\u2019IHEDN a pour mission d\u2019\u00e9tudier\u2009? 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