{"id":42289,"date":"2023-08-28T10:35:53","date_gmt":"2023-08-28T09:35:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/?p=42289"},"modified":"2023-09-04T09:11:50","modified_gmt":"2023-09-04T08:11:50","slug":"eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/notre-selection\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/","title":{"rendered":"Eric Fr\u00e9con: \"In the face of piracy, France has a unique model\"."},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"42289\" class=\"elementor elementor-42289\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-04fef2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"04fef2b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-634f261\" data-id=\"634f261\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bdf21a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4bdf21a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Docteur en science politique, le chercheur fran\u00e7ais Eric Fr\u00e9con est bas\u00e9 \u00e0 Singapour, sur la rive du d\u00e9troit de Malacca, o\u00f9 la piraterie a fait couler beaucoup d\u2019encre. Enseignant au <em>Command and Staff College<\/em> de Brunei et \u00e0 la <em>Singapore University of Social Sciences<\/em>, chercheur associ\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019IRASEC (Institut de recherche sur l&rsquo;Asie du Sud-est contemporaine), \u00e0 l\u2019IRSEM (Institut de recherche strat\u00e9gique de l&rsquo;Ecole militaire) et \u00e0 l\u2019Ecole navale, o\u00f9 il a aussi enseign\u00e9 de 2012 \u00e0 2018, il a auparavant coordonn\u00e9 l\u2019Observatoire Asie du Sud-est du minist\u00e8re des Arm\u00e9es (DGRIS-Asia Centre, 2012-2019).<\/p><p>Auteur, entre autres, de <em>Chez les pirates d\u2019Indon\u00e9sie<\/em> (Fayard, 2011), il fait le point sur l\u2019\u00e9tat actuel de la piraterie, un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne que diff\u00e9rents acteurs combattent dans le cadre du quatri\u00e8me cercle du <a href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/2023\/05\/15\/le-perimetre-de-la-defense-nationale-la-specificite-de-lihedn\/\">p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre de la d\u00e9fense nationale<\/a>, la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 internationale. Ses propos n\u2019engagent pas les organismes auxquels il collabore.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90cf80c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90cf80c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0cec92e\" data-id=\"0cec92e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee7a256 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee7a256\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LA PIRATERIE A \u00c9T\u00c9 UN PH\u00c9NOM\u00c8NE MAJEUR DANS LES ANN\u00c9ES 2000 ET AU D\u00c9BUT DES ANN\u00c9ES 2010. QU\u2019EN EST-IL AUJOURD\u2019HUI ? <\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-16bfdc8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"16bfdc8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb2a3a7\" data-id=\"bb2a3a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6acd66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6acd66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c0 lire les statistiques officielles, notamment du Bureau maritime international<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>, le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne a compl\u00e8tement disparu dans le bassin somalien (les deux derniers incidents datent de 2018, en plus de deux autres en 2018 et 2021 dans le golfe d\u2019Aden voisin). Mais le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne reprendrait-il imm\u00e9diatement si les efforts de la communaut\u00e9 internationale cessaient\u00a0? Sont actuellement impliqu\u00e9s sur ce terrain\u00a0plusieurs initiatives\u00a0:<\/p><ul><li>de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne, \u00e0 travers les missions <em>Atalanta<\/em> (mont\u00e9e en 2008) ou plus r\u00e9cemment <em>EUTM Somalia (Training Mission) <\/em>et <em>EU CAP Somalia (Capacity Building Mission)<\/em>,<\/li><li>des \u00c9tats-Unis et de la CTF (<em>Combined Task Force<\/em>) 151, cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2009,<\/li><li>de pays plus divers, regroup\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019occasion des <em>Shared Awareness and De-confliction (SHADE) Conferences<\/em>.<\/li><\/ul><p>Dans le golfe de Guin\u00e9e, les incidents n\u2019ont jamais r\u00e9ellement cess\u00e9 \u2013 sauf une forte baisse au Nigeria en 2021-2022, qui tendrait \u00e0 se confirmer (un cas rapport\u00e9 lors du premier semestre 2023). Cela dit, le risque ne fait que se d\u00e9placer dans d\u2019autres pays\u00a0: B\u00e9nin, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Sierra Leone\u2026 Comme en Somalie, il s\u2019agit de prise d\u2019otages (29 en 2022) mais moins longues. Sont ici principalement cibl\u00e9s les b\u00e2timents en lien avec les exploitations p\u00e9troli\u00e8res dans le Golfe.<\/p><p>En Am\u00e9rique latine, des ports ont pu \u00eatre l\u2019objet de vols\u00a0; des cas ont \u00e9t\u00e9 li\u00e9s au trafic de drogue. Dans cette zone, c\u2019est le P\u00e9rou qui regroupe le plus grand nombre de cas (12).<\/p><p>Mais la zone la plus pr\u00e9occupante est redevenue l\u2019Asie du Sud-est, apr\u00e8s l\u2019\u00e2ge d\u2019or des bateaux-fant\u00f4mes (abord\u00e9s, d\u00e9tourn\u00e9s, d\u00e9charg\u00e9s, maquill\u00e9s et renomm\u00e9s \u2013 comme le <em>Karaboudjan<\/em> du capitaine Haddock) au tournant de l\u2019an 2000. C\u2019est plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment dans le sud du d\u00e9troit de Malacca, aux pieds de la forteresse singapourienne, que les pirates (dans les eaux internationales et zones \u00e9conomiques exclusives) et bandits des mers (dans les eaux territoriales) op\u00e8rent<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>. On y a rapport\u00e9 38 attaques (sur 115 dans le monde) en 2022, et d\u00e9j\u00e0 20 pour le premier semestre 2023. Les courbes sont donc en train de se croiser\u00a0: en baisse \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale (201 cas en 2018) mais en hausse dans le d\u00e9troit de Singapour (3 en 2018).<\/p><p>Fort heureusement, en 2022, aucun marin n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 tu\u00e9 ou bless\u00e9, ce qui n\u2019occulte en rien les 41 prises d\u2019otages (contre 8 en 2021\u2026 et 141 en 2018) ainsi que violences physiques ou psychologiques que les \u00e9quipages peuvent endurer lors des attaques.<a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bc52c99 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bc52c99\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5be8367\" data-id=\"5be8367\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a6a2f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6a6a2f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">COMMENT CE PH\u00c9NOM\u00c8NE PEUT-IL IMPACTER LA STABILIT\u00c9 DES \u00c9TATS ?<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b7131f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b7131f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d22ca96\" data-id=\"d22ca96\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f54803 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f54803\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En Somalie, l\u2019\u00c9tat \u00e9tait clairement d\u00e9pass\u00e9. Les pirates profitaient de son caract\u00e8re failli et l\u2019aggravaient d\u2019autant. L\u2019hypoth\u00e8se serait presque inverse\u00a0: de \u00ab\u00a0quasi-\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0proto-\u00a0\u00bb \u00c9tats ont pu se financer et se b\u00e2tir sur la piraterie dans la Corne de l\u2019Afrique.<\/p><p>En Asie du Sud-est, il est arriv\u00e9, tr\u00e8s localement, que des \u00eeles tombent sous le joug de potentats locaux qui versaient dans la piraterie ou le banditisme maritime. En Indon\u00e9sie, on a vu des criminels vivre sans se soucier des autorit\u00e9s. Les chefs locaux admettaient acheter ainsi la paix sociale\u00a0: pas de bless\u00e9s, pas de morts dans la marine marchande, des remboursements de vols par les compagnies d\u2019assurance et de quoi se nourrir chez les bandits\u00a0: le sch\u00e9ma se tenait\u2026 tant que des terroristes ne venaient pas requ\u00e9rir les services des gangs locaux. Si c\u2019\u00e9tait le cas, le chef de village appelait aussit\u00f4t Jakarta. Donc, l\u2019air de rien, la situation restait sous contr\u00f4le.<\/p><p>De fa\u00e7on plus g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, deux chercheurs ont soutenu dans leur ouvrage que la piraterie n\u00e9cessitait un minimum d\u2019infrastructures (donc de pr\u00e9sence \u00e9tatique) pour prosp\u00e9rer<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[3]<\/a>.<\/p><p>Surtout, \u00e0 plus long terme, la proposition de Marie-Claude Smouts \u00e0 propos du terrorisme \u2013 reprise par Samy Cohen dans la <em>R\u00e9sistance de l\u2019\u00c9tat<\/em> \u2013 reste s\u00e9duisante dans le cas pirate\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Singulier paradoxe, la pratique terroriste [ou pirate] qui \u00e9mane d\u2019acteurs non \u00e9tatiques n\u2019a pas marqu\u00e9 la victoire du transnationalisme sur l\u2019\u00c9tat. Au contraire, le recours \u00e0 la puissance publique appara\u00eet comme le seul rempart contre la menace diffuse. L\u2019\u00c9tat est mis au d\u00e9fi, il en sort renforc\u00e9 \u00bb<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[4]<\/a>.<\/p><p>Si l\u2019on pousse le raisonnement plus loin, il est vrai que la piraterie peut m\u00eame \u00eatre instrumentalis\u00e9e ou, disons, peut offrir un utile pr\u00e9texte pour des partenariats ou exercices multilat\u00e9raux.<a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a6e7663 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a6e7663\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5dc5caa\" data-id=\"5dc5caa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f704d40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f704d40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">QU\u2019EN EST-IL DANS LE D\u00c9TROIT DE MALACCA, VOTRE PRINCIPAL TERRAIN ?<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fb9b15 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fb9b15\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b4a5f9d\" data-id=\"b4a5f9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c869f84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c869f84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aujourd\u2019hui, s\u2019il fallait zoomer sur le d\u00e9troit de Malacca, les \u00c9tats ne sont pas menac\u00e9s. D\u00e8s 2004, sous la pression d\u2019une possible ing\u00e9rence de Washington (qui songeait au \u2013 faux \u2013 pr\u00e9texte de la collusion pirate-terroriste pour se positionner dans une zone strat\u00e9gique pour P\u00e9kin), les pays riverains se sont organis\u00e9s pour (tenter de) mieux coop\u00e9rer.<\/p><p>Et on a tout de m\u00eame affaire \u00e0 Singapour \u2013 premier budget militaire en Asie du Sud-est \u2013 et \u00e0 l\u2019Indon\u00e9sie \u2013 o\u00f9 le projet pr\u00e9sidentiel est orient\u00e9 depuis 2014 sur le r\u00e9veil de l\u2019identit\u00e9 maritime de l\u2019archipel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-50d2fab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"50d2fab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7689fe9\" data-id=\"7689fe9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a23e8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a23e8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">QUEL EST AUJOURD\u2019HUI L\u2019IMPACT GLOBAL DE LA PIRATERIE SUR LE COMMERCE MARITIME ?<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bb4af09 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bb4af09\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-17851d6\" data-id=\"17851d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-171938a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"171938a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les grands armateurs ne pensent pas forc\u00e9ment \u00e0 la piraterie chaque matin en se rasant. Ces compagnies arment des bateaux suffisamment rapides, hauts et \u00e9clair\u00e9s pour ne pas \u00eatre cibl\u00e9s par des pirates souvent tr\u00e8s pragmatiques et opportunistes.<\/p><p>La plupart des incidents rel\u00e8vent, en Asie du Sud-est, de rapines et de vols \u00e0 main arm\u00e9s en mer par les malfrats des <em>kampung<\/em> (villages) dans les petites \u00eeles, en milieu rural, non loin de ports-souris (ou <em>pelabuhan tikus<\/em>) informels, ill\u00e9gaux et cach\u00e9s dans la mangrove. Non loin, des gangs mieux organis\u00e9s, urbains, compos\u00e9s d\u2019Indon\u00e9siens venus dans les zones \u00e9conomiques sp\u00e9ciales face \u00e0 Singapour dans l\u2019espoir de trouver un emploi en usine, peuvent de leur c\u00f4t\u00e9 d\u00e9rober des barges pleines de m\u00e9tal afin de revendre la ferraille.<\/p><p>Ces m\u00eames gangs <em>freelance<\/em> peuvent profiter de renseignements recueillis au nord du d\u00e9troit pour aborder un navire puis siphonner la cargaison. Dans tous les cas, rapport\u00e9es au trafic maritime r\u00e9gional, les cons\u00e9quences demeurent mineures. Idem dans le golfe de Guin\u00e9e\u00a0: les prix du brut n\u2019ont jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 impact\u00e9s au niveau global.<\/p><p>La crainte serait \u00e9ventuellement que les compagnies d\u2019assurance qualifient telle ou telle zone de <em>war risk zone<\/em> en cas de \u00ab\u00a0pic pirate\u00a0\u00bb, ce qui augmenterait les co\u00fbts \u2013 comme dans le d\u00e9troit de Malacca au milieu des ann\u00e9es 2000.<\/p><p>\u00c0 une autre \u00e9chelle, signalons les possibles connexions entre piraterie et violations des sanctions onusiennes, avec des cas rapport\u00e9s de vols et transferts de carburant entre bateaux, en pleine mer. Si le commerce mondial n\u2019est pas en p\u00e9ril, la gouvernance mondiale pourrait \u00eatre touch\u00e9e, malmen\u00e9e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9757ae5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9757ae5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-be9bd1e\" data-id=\"be9bd1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34d0b17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"34d0b17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">QUELLES MESURES ONT \u00c9T\u00c9 PRISES POUR LUTTER CONTRE CE PH\u00c9NOM\u00c8NE ? QUELLE EST LA PART DES ACTIONS \u00c9TATIQUES OU INTER\u00c9TATIQUES, ET DES ACTIONS PRIV\u00c9ES ?<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6c02bab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6c02bab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1e58845\" data-id=\"1e58845\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-835216d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"835216d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Comme C\u00e9sar face aux irr\u00e9ductibles Gaulois, tout a \u00e9t\u00e9 tent\u00e9 pour an\u00e9antir l\u2019Hydre \u2013 ou le Ph\u00e9nix \u2013 pirate. \u00ab\u00a0Qu\u2019on lui ferme la porte au nez, il reviendra par les fen\u00eatres\u00a0\u00bb. En Indon\u00e9sie, plus d\u2019un chef de gang a cess\u00e9 ses activit\u00e9s, est retourn\u00e9 sur son \u00eele natale, a tent\u00e9 une reconversion\u2026 avant de revenir dans le d\u00e9troit de Malacca et de relancer ses activit\u00e9s illicites (sit\u00f4t compris que les patrouilles n\u2019\u00e9taient gu\u00e8re efficaces \u2013 par manque d\u2019\u00e9quipement ou de proc\u00e9dures facilitant les poursuites transfrontali\u00e8res).<\/p><p>Sur un mode plus acad\u00e9mique, disons que tous les paradigmes (r\u00e9alistes, lib\u00e9raux, transnationalistes), donc tous les acteurs (\u00e9tatiques, priv\u00e9s, non-gouvernementaux) se sont succ\u00e9d\u00e9\u00a0: individuellement ou de concert, \u00e0 travers des organisations <em>ad hoc<\/em> ou permanentes, afin de proposer des bateaux, des images satellites, des protections \u00e0 bord \u2013 parfois arm\u00e9es \u2013, des entra\u00eenements ou plans de s\u00fbret\u00e9 (obligatoires depuis l\u2019entr\u00e9e en vigueur en 2004 du code ISPS ou <em>International Ship and Port Facility Security<\/em>), des aides locales pour reconqu\u00e9rir, \u00e0 terre, les zones de non-droit o\u00f9 naissent les vocations, etc.<\/p><p>Dans tous les cas, la g\u00e9ographie demeure. Le d\u00e9troit de Malacca s\u2019apparente \u00e0 un canyon dans lequel les navires doivent passer au moins une nuit. Les raisons de prendre la mer persistent elles aussi pour les criminels. Et les proies ne manquent pas du fait de la maritimisation des \u00e9changes\u2026<\/p><p>Notons n\u00e9anmoins les efforts multilat\u00e9raux dans le cadre de la MDA (<em>Maritime Domain Awareness<\/em>), afin de disposer de l\u2019image la plus pr\u00e9cise des activit\u00e9s maritimes, l\u00e9gales ou pas. De plus, l\u2019heure est \u00e0 associer de plus en plus les garde-c\u00f4tes aux marines. Se pose alors la question des coordinations non seulement \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle r\u00e9gionale \u2013 ou \u00ab\u00a0minilat\u00e9ralisme\u00a0\u00bb, dans le d\u00e9troit de Malacca ainsi qu\u2019en mers de Jolo et de C\u00e9l\u00e8bes \u2013 mais aussi \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle nationale, entre toutes les agences maritimes impliqu\u00e9es.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3bd6a78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3bd6a78\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee83850\" data-id=\"ee83850\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1449ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c1449ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LE MICA DE BREST, UN CENTRE \u00c0 COMP\u00c9TENCE MONDIALE<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-849afcb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"849afcb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b75b0da\" data-id=\"b75b0da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7b199d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7b199d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La France dispose d\u2019un mod\u00e8le unique, l\u2019Action de l\u2019\u00c9tat en mer (AEM), dans lequel la \u00ab\u00a0fonction garde-c\u00f4te\u00a0\u00bb est partag\u00e9e et g\u00e9r\u00e9e par des pr\u00e9fets maritimes, sous l\u2019autorit\u00e9 du Premier ministre. Ce mod\u00e8le a fait des \u00e9mules dans le golfe de Guin\u00e9e\u00a0; il pourrait faire sens en Asie du Sud-est, o\u00f9 l\u2019Indon\u00e9sie, par exemple, cherche encore \u00e0 pr\u00e9ciser les contours de sa gouvernance maritime avec plus de douze agences gouvernementales impliqu\u00e9es dans ses eaux.<\/p><p>Symbole de ces \u00e9volutions, le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mica-center.org\/\">MICA Center<\/a> (<em>Maritime Information Cooperation and Awareness Center<\/em>), \u00e9tabli \u00e0 Brest, ne cesse de monter en puissance depuis sa cr\u00e9ation en 2016. Il veille \u00e0 compiler les informations re\u00e7ues depuis les officiers de liaison fran\u00e7ais au sein des <em>Information Fusion Centres <\/em>de Singapour, Madagascar et New Delhi (par ordre de cr\u00e9ation) mais aussi depuis les navires de marine marchande int\u00e9gr\u00e9s \u00e0 la Coop\u00e9ration navale volontaire (CNV) ; il h\u00e9berge aussi d\u2019autres centres sous-r\u00e9gionaux pour la Corne de l\u2019Afrique et le golfe de Guin\u00e9e.<\/p><p>Mais il reste beaucoup \u00e0 faire, en termes de coordination cette fois-ci entre la mer (ou les pirates sont arr\u00eat\u00e9s) et la terre (o\u00f9 les cas sont instruits, \u00e0 partir des preuves correctement collect\u00e9es \u2013 ou pas \u2013 en mer), ainsi qu\u2019au niveau du renseignement non plus satellitaire ou par radar mais humain et au plus pr\u00e8s de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 des pirates. C\u2019est pourquoi les ONG, apr\u00e8s les \u00c9tats et les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de s\u00e9curit\u00e9, pourraient avoir de plus en plus voix au chapitre, surtout si l\u2019on d\u00e9zoome et consid\u00e8re la question dans un ensemble plus vaste\u00a0: celui de la tr\u00e8s onusienne \u00ab\u00a0s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine\u00a0\u00bb, quand les enjeux alimentaires, sanitaires, politiques ou autres peuvent impacter la dimension criminelle.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-889f245 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"889f245\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bd33632\" data-id=\"bd33632\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-332c491 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"332c491\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3859d92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3859d92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ca59804\" data-id=\"ca59804\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8d90ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8d90ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> IMB, <em>Piracy and armed robbery against ships report for the period 1 January \u2013 31 December 2022<\/em>, Londres, ICC, 2023, 29 p. ; IMB, <em>Piracy and armed robbery against ships report for the period 1 January \u2013 30 June 2023<\/em>, Londres, ICC, 2023, 26 p.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Selon les classifications de l\u2019Organisation maritime internationale et de la Convention des Nations unies sur le droit de la mer. Cette derni\u00e8re ne reconna\u00eet la piraterie qu\u2019en haute mer (article 101).<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[3]<\/a> U. Daxecker, B. Prins, <em>Pirate Lands. <\/em><em>Governance and Maritime Piracy<\/em>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021, 264 p.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[4]<\/a> Smouts (Marie-Claude) et ali, <em>Dictionnaire des relations internationales<\/em>, Dalloz, 2003, p. 484. Cit\u00e9 par S. Cohen, <em>La R\u00e9sistance des \u00c9tats. Les d\u00e9mocraties face aux d\u00e9fis de la mondialisation<\/em>, Paris, Seuil, 2003, 264 p.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Gulf of Guinea and the Gulf of Aden, Latin America, South-East Asia... The Singapore-based French researcher traces the latest developments in piracy, against which the international fight has intensified since 2000. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":42290,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41,171,209],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42289","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lundis-de-lihedn","category-notre-selection","category-securite-internationale"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Eric Fr\u00e9con : \u00ab Face \u00e0 la piraterie, la France dispose d\u2019un mod\u00e8le unique \u00bb - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Eric Fr\u00e9con : Face \u00e0 la piraterie, \u00ab la France dispose d\u2019un mod\u00e8le unique \u00bb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Golfes de Guin\u00e9e et d\u2019Aden, Am\u00e9rique latine, Asie du Sud-Est\u2026 Le chercheur fran\u00e7ais install\u00e9 \u00e0 Singapour retrace les derni\u00e8res \u00e9volutions de la piraterie, contre laquelle la lutte internationale s\u2019est largement intensifi\u00e9e depuis les ann\u00e9es 2000.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ihedn\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-08-28T09:35:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-09-04T08:11:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Bandeau_ERIC_FRECON_1600x900-002-1024x1024.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Ad\u00e8le Thoumieux\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Eric Fr\u00e9con : Face \u00e0 la piraterie, \u00ab la France dispose d\u2019un mod\u00e8le unique \u00bb\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Golfes de Guin\u00e9e et d\u2019Aden, Am\u00e9rique latine, Asie du Sud-Est\u2026 Le chercheur fran\u00e7ais install\u00e9 \u00e0 Singapour retrace les derni\u00e8res \u00e9volutions de la piraterie, contre laquelle la lutte internationale s\u2019est largement intensifi\u00e9e depuis les ann\u00e9es 2000.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Bandeau_ERIC_FRECON_1600x900-002.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IHEDN\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IHEDN\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Ad\u00e8le Thoumieux\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ad\u00e8le Thoumieux\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/16d49c2bd0121499ea9b9023ce89826c\"},\"headline\":\"Eric Fr\u00e9con : \u00ab Face \u00e0 la piraterie, la France dispose d\u2019un mod\u00e8le unique \u00bb\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-08-28T09:35:53+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-09-04T08:11:50+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2166,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/08\\\/Bandeau_ERIC_FRECON_1600x900-002.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Lundis de l'IHEDN\",\"Notre s\u00e9lection\",\"s\u00e9curit\u00e9 internationale\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\\\/\",\"name\":\"Eric Fr\u00e9con : \u00ab Face \u00e0 la piraterie, la France dispose d\u2019un mod\u00e8le unique \u00bb - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/08\\\/Bandeau_ERIC_FRECON_1600x900-002.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-08-28T09:35:53+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-09-04T08:11:50+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/08\\\/Bandeau_ERIC_FRECON_1600x900-002.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/08\\\/Bandeau_ERIC_FRECON_1600x900-002.png\",\"width\":4267,\"height\":2133},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Accueil\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Eric Fr\u00e9con : \u00ab Face \u00e0 la piraterie, la France dispose d\u2019un mod\u00e8le unique \u00bb\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/\",\"name\":\"IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale |\",\"description\":\"Site officiel de l&#039;IHEDN plac\u00e9 sous la tutelle du Premier ministre.\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"IHEDN - Institut des Hautes Etudes de D\u00e9fense Nationale\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/11\\\/BLOC_RF_IHEDN_WEB.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/11\\\/BLOC_RF_IHEDN_WEB.png\",\"width\":500,\"height\":237,\"caption\":\"IHEDN - Institut des Hautes Etudes de D\u00e9fense Nationale\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/ihedn\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/IHEDN\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/ihedn\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/school\\\/ihedn\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/fr.wikipedia.org\\\/wiki\\\/Institut_des_hautes_\u00e9tudes_de_D\u00e9fense_nationale\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/16d49c2bd0121499ea9b9023ce89826c\",\"name\":\"Ad\u00e8le Thoumieux\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/64fc58d14679bdd185946349bcb229b06e37d30d6290c2bec15f1daa8f8e0ece?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/64fc58d14679bdd185946349bcb229b06e37d30d6290c2bec15f1daa8f8e0ece?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/64fc58d14679bdd185946349bcb229b06e37d30d6290c2bec15f1daa8f8e0ece?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Ad\u00e8le Thoumieux\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/en\\\/author\\\/thoumieux\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Eric Fr\u00e9con: \"France has a unique model for dealing with piracy\" - L'IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale (Graduate Institute of National Defence)","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Eric Fr\u00e9con : Face \u00e0 la piraterie, \u00ab la France dispose d\u2019un mod\u00e8le unique \u00bb","og_description":"Golfes de Guin\u00e9e et d\u2019Aden, Am\u00e9rique latine, Asie du Sud-Est\u2026 Le chercheur fran\u00e7ais install\u00e9 \u00e0 Singapour retrace les derni\u00e8res \u00e9volutions de la piraterie, contre laquelle la lutte internationale s\u2019est largement intensifi\u00e9e depuis les ann\u00e9es 2000.","og_url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/","og_site_name":"L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ihedn\/","article_published_time":"2023-08-28T09:35:53+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-09-04T08:11:50+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":1024,"url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Bandeau_ERIC_FRECON_1600x900-002-1024x1024.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Ad\u00e8le Thoumieux","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_title":"Eric Fr\u00e9con : Face \u00e0 la piraterie, \u00ab la France dispose d\u2019un mod\u00e8le unique \u00bb","twitter_description":"Golfes de Guin\u00e9e et d\u2019Aden, Am\u00e9rique latine, Asie du Sud-Est\u2026 Le chercheur fran\u00e7ais install\u00e9 \u00e0 Singapour retrace les derni\u00e8res \u00e9volutions de la piraterie, contre laquelle la lutte internationale s\u2019est largement intensifi\u00e9e depuis les ann\u00e9es 2000.","twitter_image":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Bandeau_ERIC_FRECON_1600x900-002.png","twitter_creator":"@IHEDN","twitter_site":"@IHEDN","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Ad\u00e8le Thoumieux","Estimated reading time":"11 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/"},"author":{"name":"Ad\u00e8le Thoumieux","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#\/schema\/person\/16d49c2bd0121499ea9b9023ce89826c"},"headline":"Eric Fr\u00e9con : \u00ab Face \u00e0 la piraterie, la France dispose d\u2019un mod\u00e8le unique \u00bb","datePublished":"2023-08-28T09:35:53+00:00","dateModified":"2023-09-04T08:11:50+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/"},"wordCount":2166,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Bandeau_ERIC_FRECON_1600x900-002.png","articleSection":["Lundis de l'IHEDN","Notre s\u00e9lection","s\u00e9curit\u00e9 internationale"],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/","url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/","name":"Eric Fr\u00e9con: \"France has a unique model for dealing with piracy\" - L'IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale (Graduate Institute of National Defence)","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Bandeau_ERIC_FRECON_1600x900-002.png","datePublished":"2023-08-28T09:35:53+00:00","dateModified":"2023-09-04T08:11:50+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Bandeau_ERIC_FRECON_1600x900-002.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Bandeau_ERIC_FRECON_1600x900-002.png","width":4267,"height":2133},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/lundis-de-lihedn\/eric-frecon-face-a-la-piraterie-la-france-dispose-dun-modele-unique\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Accueil","item":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Eric Fr\u00e9con : \u00ab Face \u00e0 la piraterie, la France dispose d\u2019un mod\u00e8le unique \u00bb"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/","name":"IHEDN: Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale (Institute for Higher National Defence Studies)","description":"Official website of the IHEDN under the supervision of the Prime Minister.","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#organization","name":"IHEDN - Institute for Higher National Defence Studies","url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/BLOC_RF_IHEDN_WEB.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/BLOC_RF_IHEDN_WEB.png","width":500,"height":237,"caption":"IHEDN - Institut des Hautes Etudes de D\u00e9fense Nationale"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ihedn\/","https:\/\/x.com\/IHEDN","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/ihedn\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/school\/ihedn\/","https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institut_des_hautes_\u00e9tudes_de_D\u00e9fense_nationale"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#\/schema\/person\/16d49c2bd0121499ea9b9023ce89826c","name":"Ad\u00e8le Thoumieux","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/64fc58d14679bdd185946349bcb229b06e37d30d6290c2bec15f1daa8f8e0ece?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/64fc58d14679bdd185946349bcb229b06e37d30d6290c2bec15f1daa8f8e0ece?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/64fc58d14679bdd185946349bcb229b06e37d30d6290c2bec15f1daa8f8e0ece?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Ad\u00e8le Thoumieux"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/ihedn.fr"],"url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/thoumieux\/"}]}},"publishpress_future_action":{"enabled":false,"date":"2026-05-07 21:54:53","action":"change-status","newStatus":"draft","terms":[],"taxonomy":"category","extraData":[]},"publishpress_future_workflow_manual_trigger":{"enabledWorkflows":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42289","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=42289"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42289\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":42306,"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42289\/revisions\/42306"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/42290"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42289"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=42289"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=42289"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}