{"id":55695,"date":"2025-09-24T08:29:11","date_gmt":"2025-09-24T07:29:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/?p=55695"},"modified":"2025-10-24T10:09:04","modified_gmt":"2025-10-24T09:09:04","slug":"lannee-de-la-defense-nationale-2026","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/precedent-evenement\/lannee-de-la-defense-nationale-2026\/","title":{"rendered":"The Year of National Defence 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"55695\" class=\"elementor elementor-55695\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbb5c3f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"dbb5c3f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-053ec5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"053ec5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The year 2024 has been marked by profound upheavals: the American election, the war in Ukraine, tensions in the Middle East and the redefinition of France's presence in Africa. More broadly, international balances, military alliances and the role of multilateral organisations are undergoing rapid change, while new threats are emerging: disruptive technologies, foreign interference, disinformation campaigns and so on. It is against this shifting backdrop that the third edition of L'Ann\u00e9e de la d\u00e9fense nationale (ADN), entitled \"Strategic Uncertainties\", is being published. True to its ambition, the book brings together analyses by civilian and military experts to shed light on the major developments in defence and security over the past year. Each contribution is based on reference documents, giving readers a better understanding of the issues and enabling them to form their own opinions. The launch evening will be an opportunity to discover the book and to talk to several of its authors. It's a great opportunity to take a step back from current strategic issues and reflect together on the challenges ahead.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3554d85 elementor-align-center elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"3554d85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.paris-ecole-militaire.fr\/fr\/forms\/lancementdadn2026\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">registration<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba101eb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ba101eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bdea0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8bdea0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Discover an extract from the issue:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35a6fbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"35a6fbf\" 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&& FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6926cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b6926cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1aa84 elementor-position-inline-end elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"ee1aa84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Extrait-ADN-2026.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Download the extract\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-file-download\" viewbox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224 136V0H24C10.7 0 0 10.7 0 24v464c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h336c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V160H248c-13.2 0-24-10.8-24-24zm76.45 211.36l-96.42 95.7c-6.65 6.61-17.39 6.61-24.04 0l-96.42-95.7C73.42 337.29 80.54 320 94.82 320H160v-80c0-8.84 7.16-16 16-16h32c8.84 0 16 7.16 16 16v80h65.18c14.28 0 21.4 17.29 11.27 27.36zM377 105L279.1 7c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H256v128h128v-6.1c0-6.3-2.5-12.4-7-16.9z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Extrait-ADN-2026.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDownload the extract\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b6174f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0b6174f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-577eb0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"577eb0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Here's a summary of four articles:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e60b95a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e60b95a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34d272c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"34d272c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The report to Parliament on arms exports: understanding a foreign policy tool and French economic leverage by Jade Guiberteau Ricard<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81ade6a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"81ade6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0746e11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0746e11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The report to Parliament on arms exports: behind its tables and figures, a genuine tool for foreign policy, democratic transparency and economic power.<\/p><p>Let's delve into what this article by Jade Guiberteau Ricard, Research Assistant in the Military Expenditure and Arms Production programme at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, reveals.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-445cef3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"445cef3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Since 2022, the war in Ukraine has led to a worldwide surge in military spending.<\/p><p>In 2023: a record 2,443 billion dollars spent.<\/p><p>France remains 5th in the world budget with 61.3 billion, up +21 % since 2014.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2532fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2532fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Paradoxically, world arms trade has fallen slightly. Why did this happen?<\/p><ul><li>Production lead times<\/li><li>Deferred deliveries<\/li><li>Disposal of equipment already in service (in particular to Ukraine).<\/li><\/ul><p>But France came out on top, becoming the world\u1d49 s 2nd largest arms exporter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8b44fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8b44fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Each year, a report to Parliament details French arms exports.<\/p><p>It is a rare and valuable source on a highly confidential subject.<\/p><p>The aim is to provide information without compromising industrial or diplomatic secrets.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-536b46f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"536b46f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This report sheds light on three key stages in the arms trade:<\/p><ul><li>Licences: administrative authorisations<\/li><li>Orders: signature and payment<\/li><li>Deliveries: a tangible reality<\/li><\/ul><p>Each stage has a political dimension: a sale may be suspended (e.g. the Mistral missiles destined for Russia in 2014).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96d9623 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"96d9623\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Arms exports serve two strategic objectives:<\/p><ul><li>Supporting international security and defence partnerships.<\/li><li>Ensuring the long-term future of a strong, autonomous defence industry.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7e0386 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7e0386\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The French defence industry is a legacy of General de Gaulle, who wanted strategic autonomy based on a national industry capable of producing... and exporting:<\/p><ul><li>29,000 companies (SMEs, ETIs, major groups)<\/li><li>A dedicated government body: the DGA, which has been supporting this mission since 1961<\/li><li>A pillar of European strategic autonomy<\/li><li>An economy where exports and sovereignty go hand in hand<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2b43f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f2b43f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Arms exports are also an instrument of foreign policy:<\/p><ul><li>Strengthening strategic partnerships<\/li><li>Supporting the national defence industry<\/li><li>Increasing France's international influence<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-333e81a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"333e81a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>To sum up :<\/strong><\/p><p>Arms exports are at the crossroads of politics, industry and diplomacy.<\/p><p>They reflect France's vision of strategic autonomy and balanced power.<\/p><p>The report to Parliament is therefore much more than a simple statistical table:<\/p><ul><li>a tool for democratic transparency<\/li><li>economic leverage for the defence technological and industrial base<\/li><\/ul><p>It is an instrument of power and influence.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9513ea3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9513ea3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63e4ca5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63e4ca5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c7b4ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0c7b4ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destabilisation online: analysis of foreign interference by the Baku Initiative Group Service for Vigilance and Protection against Foreign Digital Interference (VIGINUM)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05ea4ed elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"05ea4ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36405e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36405e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Foreign interference and disinformation: the Baku Initiative Group (BIG), a body linked to Azerbaijan, has been waging a vast hybrid campaign against France since 2023.<\/p><p>Objective: to destabilise Paris via its overseas territories.<\/p><p>Summary of the Viginum analysis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8279f96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8279f96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In July 2023, the Azerbaijani think tank AIR Center created the Baku Initiative Group (BIG) at a conference in Baku on \u00abeliminating colonialism\u00bb.<\/p><p>The aim of the BIG is to challenge French sovereignty over its overseas territories.<\/p><p>The organisation combines :<\/p><ul><li>digital actions (bots, trolls, coordinated hashtags)<\/li><li>physical actions (conferences, invitations, funding).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d6fe19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d6fe19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Why is France being targeted?<\/p><p>Baku reacts to French support for Armenia in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.<\/p><ul><li>Azerbaijan is mobilising the narrative of \u00abFrench colonialism\u00bb to undermine the legitimacy of Paris.<\/li><li>A strategy already used by Russia and other powers in Africa.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9a6eea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a9a6eea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The BIG's favourite targets :<\/p><ul><li>New Caledonia - exploiting the tensions surrounding the freeing of the electorate.<\/li><li>Polynesia - exploitation of French nuclear tests.<\/li><li>Martinique - hijacking of the movement against the high cost of living.<\/li><li>\u00a0Corsica - online support for the \u00abNazione\u00bb movement.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1934f19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1934f19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In 2023, VIGINUM detects the \u201cOlimpiya\u201d campaign:<\/p><ul><li>visuals calling for a boycott of the Paris 2024 Olympics<\/li><li>videos linking France to images of riots<\/li><li>anti-colonial discourse against Paris<\/li><\/ul><p>Objective: to undermine France's international image.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba371a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba371a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Operating mode: a hybrid device.<\/p><ul><li>coordinated and massive campaigns on X with thousands of identical posts generated by bots and trolls.<\/li><li>international conferences with pro-independence activists<\/li><li>relayed by the Azeri state media<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eda6989 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eda6989\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">After the VIGINUM revelations, the BIG's accounts were deleted...<\/p><p>But Baku is adapting:<\/p><ul><li>Less digital, more physical action.<\/li><li>Increasing number of \u00abmemorandums of cooperation\u00bb with independence movements.<\/li><li>Creation of the \u00abInternational Front for the Liberation of the Last French Colonies\u00bb (FILDECOF),<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3fe615 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3fe615\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The BIG is also going international.<\/p><ul><li>Cooperation with African pro-Russian media.<\/li><li>Pan-Africanist figures such as Kemi Seba invited to Baku.<\/li><li>The aim was to give its anti-colonial propaganda a global reach.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc2ddb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc2ddb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>In a nutshell:<\/strong><\/p><p>The Baku Initiative Group is an instrument of influence and destabilisation in the service of Azerbaijan.<\/p><p>Its action is hybrid and transnational, combining digital technology, parallel diplomacy and ideological exploitation.<\/p><p>For France, this affair illustrates the new faces of information warfare:<\/p><ul><li>Targeted disinformation.<\/li><li>Hybrid modes of action.<\/li><li>Exploiting internal fractures for geopolitical ends.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a760f4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8a760f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-478226e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"478226e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37d003 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d37d003\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Drug trafficking: understanding a global threat by Clotilde Champeyrache<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e13ef2e elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e13ef2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e90975 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e90975\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Drug trafficking, a global and systemic threat<\/p><p>In France, drug trafficking is no longer a news item: it is a social, economic and political phenomenon that is undermining the rule of law.\u00a0<\/p><p>Clotilde Champeyrache, lecturer at the Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers, explains.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-086ffae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"086ffae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Drug trafficking, a global and systemic threat<\/p><p>Drug use is exploding everywhere, including in France.<\/p><ul><li>900,000 daily cannabis users,<\/li><li>1.1 million French people have already taken cocaine.<\/li><\/ul><p>But beyond public health, drug trafficking is undermining our institutions and our economy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35a4b74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35a4b74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The phenomenon is changing its face<\/p><p>Visible points of sale are giving way to sales on social networks and home delivery.<\/p><p>The result is a wider, more discreet spread, which is also affecting rural areas.<\/p><p>The drug now comes to the user.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47dd64f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47dd64f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The criminal economy adapts<\/p><p>Traffickers are becoming more professional: diversification, alliances between networks, outsourcing sales to \u201cexpendable\u201d young people.<\/p><p>At the top of the chain, the bosses remain invisible.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9dbd87d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9dbd87d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">A threat that goes beyond drugs<\/p><p>Profits from drug trafficking (up to \u20ac6 billion a year in France) fuel :<\/p><ul><li>money laundering,<\/li><li>corruption,<\/li><li>infiltration of the legal economy.<\/li><\/ul><p>Some networks are looking for power, not just money.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a3ab1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52a3ab1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Infiltration into the real economy<\/p><p>Criminals invest in construction, logistics and property.<\/p><p>These sectors are used to launder money and forge links with the political world.<\/p><p>A silent danger: the erosion of trust in the State and the law.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5230633 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5230633\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The danger is no longer just health, but political.<\/p><p>Some criminal groups seek local legitimacy, supporting families or voters.<\/p><p>A \u201cmafia\u201d hold that undermines democracy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f4294f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f4294f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">For Clotilde Champeyrache, the answer must change:<\/p><ul><li>target organisations, not consumers<\/li><li>confiscate assets<\/li><li>\u00a0track down economic infiltration<\/li><li>\u00a0strengthening criminal intelligence<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9f9fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9f9fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>To sum up :<\/strong><\/p><p>Champeyrache reminds us that drug trafficking is not simply a question of law and order, but a battle for social cohesion and the legitimacy of the State. Drug trafficking reveals a wider crisis: that of our sovereignty and our relationship with the law. Regaining control also means restoring coherence between the economy, the law and democracy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d8d225 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1d8d225\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1eb4364 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1eb4364\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09d3b01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"09d3b01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The winning strategy: Hayat Tahrir al-Cham against transnational jihadism in Syria by Arthur Stein<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ba7ccb elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4ba7ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b900a1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b900a1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The winning strategy: Hayat Tahrir al-Cham against transnational jihadism in Syria. In 2024, Hayat Tahrir al-Cham (HTC) overthrew Bashar al-Assad and seized Damascus, Arthur Stein, an analyst at the IHEDN, analyses how the group turned its back on global jihadism in order to consolidate its power.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3495b18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3495b18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The Islamist rebel group Hayat Tahrir Al-Cham or HTC (in French, Organisation de lib\u00e9ration du Levant), born of splits between Jabhat al-Nosra, al-Qaeda (AQ) and the Islamic State (EI), has established itself as a dominant force in Syria.<\/p><p>Initially affiliated with the EI, then with AQ, the movement gradually broke away from both to focus on a national objective:<\/p><ul><li>topple Assad<\/li><li>establish stable local governance<\/li><li>political legitimacy<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ddcd60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ddcd60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">This ideological refocusing is accompanied by an armed struggle against transnational jihadist groups.<\/p><p>Between 2017 and 2022, HTC is conducting more than 50 operations against the Islamic State in the Idlib region, dismantling its local networks.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-befac60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"befac60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Why this change of direction?<\/p><p>To survive and prosper. HTC is seeking to legitimise itself with three audiences:<\/p><ol><li>the local population<\/li><li>other Syrian factions<\/li><li>the international community<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50001 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50001\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">By suppressing global jihadism, HTC wants to appear as a \u201cresponsible\u201d player capable of governing and stabilising Idlib and, from now on, Damascus.<\/p><p>A strategy to avoid foreign strikes and hope for sanctions relief.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12d7012 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"12d7012\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">But this struggle is also a power strategy:<\/p><p>HTC is eliminating its rivals to monopolise violence, prevent defections and consolidate its hegemony.<\/p><p>This is less a case of deradicalisation than of political calculation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c67a87d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c67a87d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">This pragmatism, far removed from the jihadist one-upmanship of AQ and the EI, is paying off. HTC has transformed its governance, built institutions and brought relative stability to the Idlib region.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b73e10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b73e10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Today :<\/strong><\/p><p>With HTC in power in Damascus, the question arises: can EI and AQ be reborn?<\/p><p>Stein believes that HTC's success reduces the risk of a return of global jihadism more than its failure could.<\/p><p>In other words:<\/p><ul><li>Hayat Tahrir al-Cham, born of jihadism, could well become its gravedigger in Syria.<\/li><li>A strategic rather than a religious shift, but one with major geopolitical implications.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L\u2019ann\u00e9e 2024 a \u00e9t\u00e9 marqu\u00e9e par de profonds bouleversements : l\u2019\u00e9lection am\u00e9ricaine, la guerre en Ukraine, les tensions au Moyen-Orient ou encore la red\u00e9finition de la pr\u00e9sence fran\u00e7aise en Afrique. Plus largement, les \u00e9quilibres internationaux, les alliances militaires et le r\u00f4le des organisations multilat\u00e9rales connaissent des mutations rapides, tandis que de nouvelles menaces \u00e9mergent : [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":55697,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[250],"tags":[269],"class_list":["post-55695","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-precedent-evenement","tag-adn"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L&#039;Ann\u00e9e de la D\u00e9fense Nationale 2026 - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le 22 octobre 2025, de 18h \u00e0 20h, assistez au lancement de l&#039;ADN 2026 - L&#039;Ann\u00e9e de la D\u00e9fense Nationale 2026\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/precedent-evenement\/lannee-de-la-defense-nationale-2026\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L&#039;Ann\u00e9e de la D\u00e9fense Nationale 2026 - 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