{"id":56370,"date":"2025-10-24T09:12:07","date_gmt":"2025-10-24T08:12:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/?p=56370"},"modified":"2025-11-19T11:17:00","modified_gmt":"2025-11-19T10:17:00","slug":"agence-spaciale-europeenne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/agence-spaciale-europeenne\/","title":{"rendered":"The European Space Agency, a crucial civilian player in defence and resilience"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"56370\" class=\"elementor elementor-56370\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d90bfd4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d90bfd4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f30fe32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f30fe32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">IHEDN Mondays are now available in audio format!<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d6f04c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d6f04c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Click below to listen:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e586e2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"e586e2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n.player-container-1 {\n  width: 100%;\n  padding: 10px;\n  border-radius: 20px;\n  backdrop-filter: blur(15px);\n  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.15);\n  box-shadow: 0 3px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);\n  display: flex;\n  flex-direction: inline;\n  align-items: flex-start;\n  color: #fff;\n  margin: 0 auto;\n  background-color: #053973;\n}\n\n#waveform-1 {\n  width: 100%;\n  height: 50px;\n  margin-bottom: 20px;\n}\n\n.controls-1 {\n  display: flex;\n  flex-direction: column;\n  align-items: center;\n  gap: 5px;\n}\n\n#playPause-1 {\n  width: 45px;\n  height: 45px;\n  border: none;\n  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.3);\n  backdrop-filter: blur(5px);\n  border-radius: 50%;\n  cursor: pointer;\n  display: flex;\n  justify-content: center;\n  align-items: center;\n  transition: background 0.2s;\n  padding: 0;\n}\n\n#playPause-1:hover {\n  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.5);\n}\n\n#playPause-1 svg {\n  width: 20px;\n  height: 20px;\n  fill: #fff;\n}\n\n#time-1 {\n  font-size: 16px;\n  text-align: center;\n  min-width: 80px;\n}\n\n.top-controls-1 {\n  width: 100%;\n  display: flex;\n  justify-content: space-between; 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This is not the case: although it develops EU space programmes, ESA is an intergovernmental agency created by and for its Member States - including France - half a century ago, on 30 May 1975. Not all EU Member States are members of ESA, and three non-EU countries are among the 23 current members of the Agency: the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Norway.<\/p><p>On 26 and 27 November, as it does every three years or so, the ESA Council will bring together the space ministers of its member countries. \u00abThe stakes are high, since these ministerial Councils will be registering subscriptions corresponding to 70 to 75% of the ESA budget for the next 3 years\u00bb, explains Isabelle Duvaux-B\u00e9chon, senior advisor for security and defence programmes and an auditor at the IHEDN. \u00abThe rest comes from the European Union, from customers such as the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), or from Member States that entrust ESA with the development of national programmes.\u00bb<\/p><p>The European agency therefore has no guaranteed or renewable budget: everything depends on subscriptions, and therefore on the programmes and activities decided by the Member States,\" continues the advisor:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6632a63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6632a63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abFrom one year to the next, budgets can be higher or lower than the previous year, although fortunately in recent years they have tended to increase. The total ESA budget for 2025 is almost \u20ac8 billion.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34f6859 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"34f6859\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a0236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"47a0236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">MANNED FLIGHTS, ROBOTIC MISSIONS, EARTH OBSERVATION, TELECOMMUNICATIONS...<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b02bcd elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1b02bcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03142eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"03142eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b8bbe6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b8bbe6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As always, the activities to be proposed to the ministers cover a very broad spectrum: science, manned flight and robotic missions, Earth observation, telecommunications, navigation, space transport, operations, space safety, technology, etc. These different programmes are either subscribed to en bloc by the States, or \u00ab\u00e0 la carte\u00bb, explains Isabelle Duvaux-B\u00e9chon:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7efb605 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7efb605\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abEach time, ESA proposes a \u00abpackage\u00bb of programmes (some continuing existing programmes, others new) covering activities at \u00abresource level\u00bb (space science, studies, investment, education, etc.) financed in proportion to the GNP of each State (once they have agreed on the total to be financed). The others are so-called \u00aboptional\u00bb activities, which each State is free to fund or not, and at the level it wishes\u00bb.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-317d685 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"317d685\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Senior Security Advisor to the Director General of ESA (since 2021, Austrian astronomer Josef Aschbacher), Air Force Major General (in 2<sup>e<\/sup> section) Pascal Legai is convinced that \u00abthe need for space programmes is growing all the time, given all the challenges facing Europe and for which space can provide partial but decisive solutions. European industrial capacities are at the highest level, capable of very high-tech developments with much lower budgets than on the other side of the Atlantic\u00bb.<\/p><p>That said, the general continued, it is \u00abdifficult to know how the decisions will be made next month\u00bb, against a backdrop of political instability and budgetary constraints in some countries, and funding requirements for crucial sectors such as education, health and defence.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09ebcd3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"09ebcd3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f359ef9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f359ef9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">THE END USER CHOOSES CIVIL AND\/OR MILITARY USE<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85142a1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"85142a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-887cac3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"887cac3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-094d652 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"094d652\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-837d8c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"837d8c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Even if ESA has a civilian vocation, its actions benefit the defence of its member countries - as is always the case in space, programmes have a potential \u00abdual\u00bb civilian and military application. Article II of the <a href=\"https:\/\/esamultimedia.esa.int\/multimedia\/publications\/SP-1344\/ESA_Convention_SP-1344_FR.pdf\">Convention governing the ESA<\/a> and signed by its Member States stipulates the following:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf3e69a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf3e69a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abThe Agency's mission is to ensure and develop, for exclusively peaceful purposes, cooperation between European States in the fields of space research and technology and their space applications, with a view to their use for scientific purposes and space systems.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c1aa2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c1aa2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>However, as Isabelle Duvaux-B\u00e9chon explains, \u00abapart from purely scientific satellites, we at ESA are not the operators of the systems developed. It is up to each owner or user to decide how they will be used, whether for civilian or military purposes\u00bb.<\/p><p>With regard to France, the senior advisor for security and defence programmes explains:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2af526 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2af526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abIf we take the six main functions of its national defence and security strategy (knowledge-understanding-anticipation; deterrence; protection-resilience; prevention; intervention; influence), ESA programmes, in accordance with its mandate and status, contribute directly (or could better contribute) to three of these functions: knowledge-understanding-anticipation, protection-resilience and prevention. They can also support the other three.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a80e72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a80e72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abArmies have always used the operational space resources developed by ESA,\u00bb adds Isabelle Duvaux-B\u00e9chon, \"particularly for meteorology, large-scale Earth observation and telecommunications. And in the current context of increasing crises, ESA's role could be strengthened in depth:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4062dfe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4062dfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abOver the past 50 years, satellites and their derived services have become essential allies for those who have to manage these crises. But today, Europe only has resources that partially meet the needs, with a number of satellites or national, commercial and European services that are not capable of talking to each other. If they were united, they would not even be able to provide effective support during the acute phases of a crisis, in particular to enable real-time access to useful data and information, regardless of where in the world they are located\u00bb.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a3b581 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0a3b581\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229cd9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"229cd9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A \u00abEUROPEAN RESILIENCE FROM SPACE\u00bb PROGRAMME\u00bb<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0de59c4 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0de59c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0bfa39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e0bfa39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-467e955 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"467e955\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To address this weakness, ESA Director General Josef Aschbacher will be proposing an ambitious resilience programme to the Member States at the Council meeting on 26 and 27 November in Bremen, Germany. General Legai outlines the details:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d14174e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d14174e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abThe ERS programme (<em>European Resilience from Space<\/em>) aims to build a system of systems that will provide crisis managers with a comprehensive, interoperable, secure and highly responsive set of resources and solutions. This system will combine observation, communication (from the IRIS\u00b2 multi-orbital satellite network developed with the EU) and positioning (the Galileo satellite constellation and its evolutions, for the EU) resources as well as, eventually, interfaces with drones, high-altitude platforms, the Internet of Things or social networks\u00bb.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29e10d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29e10d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Through this ERS programme and more generally, ESA is seeking to \u00abgain a better understanding of the needs of armies and services responsible for maintaining security on Earth, so that they can be taken into account in the development of the most useful programmes and applications possible, and to involve future users in the validation of solutions\u00bb, adds the DG's Senior Security Advisor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0bdf87 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a0bdf87\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dda8c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2dda8c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00abTO BETTER MEET THE NEEDS OF SECURITY AND DEFENCE USERS\u00bb.\u00bb<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3ce34b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d3ce34b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52b8dd5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52b8dd5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db5c7cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db5c7cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Member States already seem interested, to the point of envisaging a shift in ESA funding. General Legai would like to see this happen:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63e0afd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63e0afd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abA number of defence ministries are currently analysing whether it would be in their interests to fund the ERS programme or other ESA programmes directly, whereas traditionally ESA funding comes from the research or economic ministries. They could also record this expenditure as part of their commitments to NATO. This is a real development, made possible by our Convention, and would enable us to better meet the needs of security and defence users.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bdf4c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8bdf4c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pending government decisions at the end of November, ESA's activities are helping to strengthen Europe's strategic autonomy. One of the most telling examples of this is Galileo, a satellite positioning system that has been fully operational since 2024 and is more efficient than its American competitor, the government's GPS programme.\u00a0<\/p><p>Galileo has 32 satellites in orbit and 6 ready to be launched, for more than 5 billion users worldwide (all recent telephones receive its signals). Isabelle Duvaux-B\u00e9chon gives a very concrete example of its performance for the general public:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8969bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8969bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abFor example, the \u00abbasic\u00bb service, which is open to everyone, can tell you which lane of motorway you are in, whereas the public signal from the American GPS military system can only tell you which motorway you are on. As for the <em>High Accuracy Service<\/em> (High Precision Service), it is accurate to within 20 cm.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0c2266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0c2266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Other Galileo services have been developed, for example to secure air navigation, while the EGWSS (<em>Emergency Galileo Warning Satellite Service<\/em>), designed for civil protection services, carried out a successful first demonstration. And at the end of the year, the PRS (<em>Public Regulated Service<\/em>), reserved for government use and eagerly awaited by Member States' militaries, will be declared ready for initial operations.&nbsp;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3f71c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3f71c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-115ff57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"115ff57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>To find out more:<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/notre-selection\/puissance-spatiale-francaise-des-atouts-pour-redevenir-une-force-motrice\/\">France's space power: assets to become a driving force once again<\/a><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the run-up to its tri-annual Council of Ministers, we take a look at the Paris-based international organisation, its civil and military activities, such as the Galileo satellite constellation, and its ambitious resilience programme, which will be put to the 23 Member States at the end of November.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":56387,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41,171,209],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-56370","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lundis-de-lihedn","category-notre-selection","category-securite-internationale"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L\u2019Agence spatiale europ\u00e9enne, un acteur civil crucial pour la d\u00e9fense et la r\u00e9silience - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, des applications de suivi de vols, de navigation ou m\u00eame de course \u00e0 pied ont permis au grand public de conna\u00eetre des d\u00e9placements diplomatiques ou militaires importants. 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