{"id":56665,"date":"2025-11-12T17:09:05","date_gmt":"2025-11-12T16:09:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/?p=56665"},"modified":"2026-05-13T13:28:17","modified_gmt":"2026-05-13T12:28:17","slug":"lstrategie-spatiale-de-l-union-europeenne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/fiches-actualite\/lstrategie-spatiale-de-l-union-europeenne\/","title":{"rendered":"The European Union's space strategy"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"56665\" class=\"elementor elementor-56665\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dc0a21 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2dc0a21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3b9d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f3b9d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This fact sheet is also available in audio format<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2f063a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2f063a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Click below to listen:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6208c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b6208c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n.player-container-1 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center;\n}\n\n#time-1 {\n  min-width: 80px;\n  text-align: right;\n} \n<\/style>\n\n<script src=\"https:\/\/unpkg.com\/wavesurfer.js\"><\/script>\n\n<section>\n<div class=\"player-container-1\">\n\n  <button id=\"playPause-1\">\n    <!-- ton SVG Play -->\n    <svg version=\"1.1\" id=\"playSVG-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" viewbox=\"0 0 330 330\">\n      <path d=\"M37.728,328.12c2.266,1.256,4.77,1.88,7.272,1.88c2.763,0,5.522-0.763,7.95-2.28l240-149.999      c4.386-2.741,7.05-7.548,7.05-12.72c0-5.172-2.664-9.979-7.05-12.72L52.95,2.28c-4.625-2.891-10.453-3.043-15.222-0.4      C32.959,4.524,30,9.547,30,15v300C30,320.453,32.959,325.476,37.728,328.12z\"\/>\n    <\/svg>\n  <\/button>\n\n  <div id=\"waveform-1\"><\/div>\n\n  <span id=\"time-1\">00:00 \/ 00:00<\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n\n  <!-- waveform en dessous -->\n  <div id=\"waveform-1\"><\/div>\n\n\n<\/section>\n\n<section>\n<script>\n\nconst wavesurfer1 = WaveSurfer.create({\n    container: '#waveform-1',\n  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viewBox=\"0 0 330 330\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" fill=\"#fff\">\n  <rect x=\"60\" y=\"30\" width=\"80\" height=\"270\"\/>\n  <rect x=\"190\" y=\"30\" width=\"80\" height=\"270\"\/>\n<\/svg>`;\n\n\/\/ Play\/Pause switch\nplayBtn1.addEventListener('click', () => {\n    wavesurfer1.playPause();\n    playBtn1.innerHTML = wavesurfer1.isPlaying() ? pauseSVG1 : playSVG1;\n});\n\n\/\/ Update time display\nfunction formatTime(sec) {\n    const m = Math.floor(sec \/ 60);\n    const s = Math.floor(sec % 60);\n    return m.toString().padStart(2,'0') + ':' + s.toString().padStart(2,'0');\n}\n\nwavesurfer1.on('audioprocess', () => {\n    const current = wavesurfer1.getCurrentTime();\n    const duration = wavesurfer1.getDuration();\n    timeDisplay1.textContent = formatTime(current) + ' \/ ' + formatTime(duration);\n});\n\nwavesurfer1.on('ready', () => {\n    const duration = wavesurfer1.getDuration();\n    timeDisplay1.textContent = '00:00 \/ ' + formatTime(duration);\n});\n<\/script>\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54e2501 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"54e2501\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b64218 elementor-position-inline-end elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"8b64218\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/2025-09-Fiche-31-Strategie-spatiale-europeenne.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Download the news sheet\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-file-download\" viewbox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224 136V0H24C10.7 0 0 10.7 0 24v464c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h336c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V160H248c-13.2 0-24-10.8-24-24zm76.45 211.36l-96.42 95.7c-6.65 6.61-17.39 6.61-24.04 0l-96.42-95.7C73.42 337.29 80.54 320 94.82 320H160v-80c0-8.84 7.16-16 16-16h32c8.84 0 16 7.16 16 16v80h65.18c14.28 0 21.4 17.29 11.27 27.36zM377 105L279.1 7c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H256v128h128v-6.1c0-6.3-2.5-12.4-7-16.9z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/2025-09-Fiche-31-Strategie-spatiale-europeenne.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDownload the news sheet\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82f1d23 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"82f1d23\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53a8628 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53a8628\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Since the 1960s, Europe has been developing a space strategy combining cooperation and independence, marked by the creation of the European Space Agency (ESA) in 1975 and the success of the Ariane launchers, which provide autonomous access to space while promoting scientific and technological partnerships.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>Faced with the \u00abnew space race\u00bb, the European Union has adopted the <em>Space Act<\/em> in order to harmonise regulations, secure its infrastructures, strengthen the competitiveness of its industry and promote a responsible approach, in particular through space traffic management and consideration of the environmental footprint.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>This document marks the EU's desire to unify its space policies around strategic issues, but in some areas this ambition is coming up against the reluctance of Member States and competition from the European Union. <em>New Space<\/em>.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7be592e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7be592e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd53bff elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fd53bff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71926de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"71926de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context - A European space strategy between cooperation and independence<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af29664 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af29664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Faced with the space exploits of the two blocs during the Cold War, Europeans and their companies quickly sought to cooperate with the United States as well as with the USSR\/Russia, while developing their own capabilities. The first step in this direction was the creation of the European Space Research Organization (ESRO) in 1962, with the aim of building scientific satellites. It brought together ten European countries, including France, West Germany and the UK. In the same year, six of these countries decided to join forces in the European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO) to develop a European launcher called Europa. The two organisations became operational in 1964. The emergence of satellite telecommunications also led to the creation of the European Telecommunications Satellite Conference (CETS) in 1963.<\/p><p>Science and launchers have therefore been the pillars of European space from the very beginning of the European space adventure. ESRO successfully developed its first satellite in 1968 to study cosmic rays and solar X-rays. ELDO, on the other hand, abandoned its Europa launcher project in 1972. In fact, the priorities of the various member countries often diverged. To remedy this, and in order to centralise and relaunch European space, France, Germany and the United Kingdom joined forces to provide funding for the main programmes expected by the various member countries: the L3S (Ariane) launcher requested by France, under the prime contractorship of the Centre national d'\u00e9tudes spatiales (CNES), the Spacelab research module requested by Germany and the MAROTS maritime telecommunications satellite requested by the United Kingdom. These three programmes form the basis of the European Space Agency (ESA). When it was created in 1975, eleven European Member States signed the European Space Agency Convention. The Agency's establishments are spread across Europe: its headquarters are in Paris, the European Space Technology Centre is in the Netherlands, and the European Space Operations Centre and the European Astronaut Centre are in Germany. The European Space Research Institute is based in Italy, the European Centre for Space Astronomy in Spain and the Centre for Applications and Telecommunications in the UK.<\/p><p>The first generation of ESA projects, pursuing the initial ambition of independent access to space, focused on the development of Ariane launchers. The first flight of Ariane 1 took place in 1979. But it was with Ariane 4 (developed between 1988 and 2003) that Europe became the leader in the commercial launch market in the 1990s (113 successful launches between 1988 and 2003). ESA also carries out research programmes, such as the Giotto mission (1986), which studied Halley's comet and was a major scientific breakthrough. Its researchers are also developing programmes in cooperation with NASA, in particular the aforementioned Spacelab, a modular space laboratory designed in Europe and carried in the payload bay of the American space shuttles between 1983 and 1998. It enables astronauts to carry out scientific experiments in orbit. In the 2000s, Europeans became involved in other major space projects, contributing in particular to the International Space Station (ISS), a large scientific laboratory in low Earth orbit, occupied to this day by an international crew.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f27e4e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f27e4e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ariane_1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"751\" src=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/fiche-actualite-31-figure-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-59289\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/fiche-actualite-31-figure-1.jpg 500w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/fiche-actualite-31-figure-1-8x12.jpg 8w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">The Ariane 1 rocket on display at the Mus\u00e9e du Bourget <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-878bb5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"878bb5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As an independent agency, ESA is not integrated into the institutions of the European Union. However, ESA and the EU share funding and have been working together since the 1990s, in particular on major projects guaranteeing the independence of European space activities, such as Galileo, the geolocation instrument, and Copernicus, the Earth observation programme. The first joint meeting between ESA and the EU took place in 2007. Following this meeting, the Agency adopted a resolution on European space policy to provide a framework for institutional cooperation. The main objectives of this resolution are: the coordination of civil space programmes between ESA, the EU and the Member States; the development and exploitation of European space applications and satellite communication applications; the preservation of autonomous access to space; synergy between defence and civil space programmes and technologies, including the interoperability of civil and military systems; and the coherence of space policy with the EU's external relations.<\/p><p>On the European Union side, space activities have been grouped together since 2021 within the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA). To date, the various components of space activities managed by the European Union include satellites, launchers, the space surveillance and monitoring support framework (SST), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the commitment to the ISS, the development of science and technology and space surveillance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4579856 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4579856\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e106e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"44e106e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94a0532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"94a0532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Analysis - A security-oriented space strategy <\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f712a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"84f712a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In recent years, the European Union has adopted a number of space-related texts aimed at defining a common policy on the safety and management of space traffic. Published last June, the <em>Space Act<\/em> is part of this ongoing process. This document, which is due to come into force on 1<sup>er<\/sup> The European Space Strategy for 2030 is the first proposal for a European regulation specifically dedicated to the harmonised management of civil space activities. It is based on six pillars: harmonising regulations; securing orbits; protecting space systems; securing space services; building a more sustainable space economy; and broadening future horizons.<\/p><p>The concerns about protecting space systems and securing space services set out in the <em>Space Act<\/em> echo the European Commission's efforts to enhance Europe's strategic autonomy in space. The deployment of a secure European connectivity constellation, IRIS<sup>2<\/sup>, is the most recent step in this process. It is a multi-orbital constellation of 290 satellites combining medium and low earth orbit. Planned for 2030, it is intended to provide secure connectivity services for the EU and its Member States, as well as broadband connectivity for government authorities, private companies and European citizens, while guaranteeing high-speed internet access to compensate for areas not covered by traditional operators. This system will make Europe less dependent on other players for its strategic or governmental needs. It is an extension of the Copernicus and Galileo programmes, which were already designed to achieve greater autonomy on a European scale. IRIS<sup>2<\/sup> goes even further, as it is a proprietary infrastructure.<\/p><p>Another objective of the <em>Space Act<\/em> is to overcome the current fragmentation of national space regulations. Faced with the growing power of the United States and China in this new \u00abspace race\u00bb, the desire for a more agile space ecosystem on the European side is palpable. To this end, the text sets out a number of simplification measures and the establishment of a \u00absingle space market\u00bb. Indeed, around 40% of the European space industry's turnover comes from the commercial sector, a much higher figure than in the United States. To make the sector more agile, the new regulations propose easier access to the market, as well as lighter administrative procedures for companies.<\/p><p>However, with this text, the European Union is also seeking to distinguish itself from other powers by asserting a reasoned and responsible approach to the space environment. The text aims to establish \u00abcommon standards for space traffic management\u00bb in response to the growing number of satellites in orbit, which increases the risk of collisions and space debris. Taking account of the environmental footprint is another major advance in the text. Until now, there has been no standardised method for assessing the environmental impact of launches and in-orbit operations. The <em>Space Act<\/em> announces the introduction of a European methodology to measure and better control this footprint.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75972ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"75972ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b030cef elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b030cef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f024486 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f024486\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prospects - Is Europe still too timid in the face of the \u00abnew space race\u00bb?<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca185d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca185d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In conclusion <em>Space Act<\/em> is devoted to developing a common framework for analysis and defining a shared space strategy. It aims to harmonise the various existing space policies within the Union by proposing a regulatory framework and setting clear priorities, such as security and environmental protection. However, the EU, as a space player, comes up against institutional limits. For example, Member States\u00ab concern for sovereignty, particularly as regards information sharing, is holding back progress in pooling Earth observation capabilities for military purposes. However, changes in the international context are forcing the EU to move towards a more \u00bbstrategic space\". The war in Ukraine, in particular, has acted as a catalyst in legitimising the strengthening of European space capabilities, whether for defence or dual use. Europeans are now embracing the strategic dimension of space, working on notions of vulnerability, protection and attribution of attacks. Space is thus going beyond its purely technological role. However, divergences persist between Member States, particularly in the field of launchers, where Europe is facing increased competition from the United States. <em>New Space<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc52d74 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bc52d74\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9431431 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9431431\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-730e52b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"730e52b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>To find out more<\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.revueconflits.com\/leurope-dans-les-rivalites-de-lespace\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Helena Voulkovski. \u00abEurope in the rivalries of Space\u00bb. <em>Conflits magazine<\/em>, 31 July 2024.<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tallandier.com\/livre\/geopolitique-de-lespace\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Xavier Pasco. G\u00e9opolitique de l'espace, La guerre du ciel est d\u00e9clar\u00e9e. Tallandier, 4 September 2025.<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lgdj.fr\/l-espace-9782715428027.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mathieu Luinaud. L'espace. Que sais-je? PUF, 20 August 2025.<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0528b7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d0528b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24af5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"24af5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-192e81d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"192e81d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliography<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa2ad18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fa2ad18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This <em>This fact sheet is based on information from the following sources:<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2140ff8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2140ff8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Space_in_Member_States\/Belgium_-_Francais\/L_ESA_faits_et_chiffres2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">European Space Agency, \u00abESA: facts and figures\u00bb, accessed on 24 September 2025.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2007-2-page-281?lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Autret, Florence, \u00abQuelle organisation pour l'Europe spatiale?, <em>Foreign policy<\/em>, 2007<\/a>.<\/span><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.touteleurope.eu\/l-ue-dans-le-monde\/space-act-vers-une-politique-spatiale-unifiee-et-durable-pour-l-union-europeenne\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Chaaban, Florian, \u00abSpace Act: towards a unified and sustainable space policy for the European Union\u00bb, <em>All of Europe<\/em>, 25 June 2025.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cite-espace.com\/actualites-spatiales\/le-budget-de-la-nasa-sous-pression\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Cit\u00e9 de l'espace, \u00abNASA's budget under pressure\u00bb, published on 7 May 2025.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu\/eu-space\/iris2-secure-connectivity_en?prefLang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">European Commission, \u00abIRIS\u00b2: the new EU Secure Satellite Constellation, Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity and Security by Satellite\u00bb, <em>EU Space<\/em>, 16 December 2024.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu\/eu-space-act_en?prefLang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">European Commission, EU Space Act, 25 June 2025.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/sciences\/article\/2025\/06\/17\/la-reduction-du-budget-de-la-nasa-menace-d-annulation-des-dizaines-de-missions-scientifiques_6613609_1650684.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Dagorn, Gary, \u00ab La r\u00e9duction du budget de la NASA menace d'annulation 44 missions spatiales d\u00e8s 2026, selon le d\u00e9compte du \u2018Monde\u2019\u00bb, <em>Le Monde<\/em>, 17 June 2025.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li>Darnis, Jean-Pierre, \u00abS\u00e9curit\u00e9 et d\u00e9fense spatiale de l'Union europ\u00e9enne\u00bb, in: L'Ann\u00e9e de d\u00e9fense nationale 2025, La documentation fran\u00e7aise, October 2024.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polytechnique-insights.com\/tribunes\/industrie\/iris2-tout-savoir-sur-cette-nouvelle-constellation-europeenne\/#:~:text=L'Europe%20d%C3%A9ploiera%20en%202030,ses%20besoins%20strat%C3%A9giques%20ou%20gouvernementaux.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Diris, Jean-Pierre, \u00abIRIS2: everything you need to know about this new European constellation\u00bb, <em>Polytechnique Insights<\/em>, 11 March 2025.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defnat.com\/e-RDN\/vue-article-cahier.php?carticle=85&amp;cidcahier=1182\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Heurteaux, St\u00e9phane, L'Union europ\u00e9enne et le fait a\u00e9rien et spatial : histoire et perspectives, <em>National Defence Review<\/em>, 2019.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/international\/article\/2023\/03\/16\/l-ue-se-dote-d-une-strategie-spatiale-pour-la-defense_6165714_3210.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Jacqu\u00e9, Philippe, L'Union europ\u00e9enne se dote d'une strat\u00e9gie spatiale pour la d\u00e9fense, <em>Le Monde<\/em>, 16 March 2023.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr\/fr\/acteurs-de-la-politique-spatiale-europeenne-46454#:~:text=L'Agence%20spatiale%20europ%C3%A9enne%20(%20ESA%20),-L'ESA%20est&amp;text=Cr%C3%A9%C3%A9e%20en%20mai%201975%2C%20l,%2C%20R%C3%A9publique%20Tch%C3%A8que%2C%20Suisse).\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ministry of Higher Education and Research, \u00abActors in European Space Policy\u00bb, 27 June 2023.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.touteleurope.eu\/histoire\/qu-est-ce-que-l-agence-spatiale-europeenne-esa\/#:~:text=L'Agence%20spatiale%20europ%C3%A9enne%20a%20cr%C3%A9%C3%A9%20en%201990%20le%20Centre,%C3%A0%20bord%20de%20l'ISS.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Palacin, Hugo, \u00abWhat is the European Space Agency?, <em>All of Europe<\/em>, November 2, 2023.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/idees\/article\/2025\/09\/01\/malgre-la-renaissance-d-ariane-le-defi-spatial-de-l-europe-reste-immense_6637994_3232.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Pinaud, Olivier, \u00abDespite Ariane's renaissance, Europe's space challenge remains immense\u00bb, <em>Le Monde<\/em>, 1 September 2025.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/euractiv.fr\/news\/lagence-spatiale-europeenne-envisage-daugmenter-considerablement-son-budget-pour-la-defense\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Posaner, Joshua, The European Space Agency plans to increase its defence budget considerably, <em>Euractiv<\/em>, 18 April 2025.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frstrategie.org\/web\/documents\/publications\/autres\/2011\/2011-pasco-cas-ambition-spatiale-europe.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Sartorius, Emmanuel: \u00abUne ambition spatiale pour l'Europe, vision fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 l'horizon 2030\u00bb, <em>Centre for Analysis and Forecasting<\/em>, 2011.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.spacelaw.fr\/eu-space-act-decryptage-du-projet-de-reglement-spatial-europeen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Tumanyan, Albert, \u00abEU Space Act: deciphering the draft European Space Regulation\u00bb, <em>Space Law<\/em>, 13 July 2025.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vie-publique.fr\/lettre_essentiel\/20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Vie publique, \u00abSpace\u00bb, accessed on 24 September 2025.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.revueconflits.com\/leurope-dans-les-rivalites-de-lespace\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Voulkovski, Helena, \u00abEurope in the rivalries of Space\u00bb, <em>Conflits magazine<\/em>, 31 July 2024.<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc21197 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"dc21197\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c45dfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c45dfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This file is automatically translated<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This fact sheet looks at European space strategy, beginning with a review of its history and then presenting the players and institutions involved. It then analyses the priorities of the European Space Act, the first regulation on space policy at European level, presented in June 2025. Finally, it highlights the EU's strategic ambitions in the space sector, as well as the limits and divergences that are still holding them back.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":56667,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[235],"tags":[278,225],"class_list":["post-56665","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fiches-actualite","tag-espace","tag-fiche-actualite"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>La strat\u00e9gie spatiale de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cette fiche d\u2019actualit\u00e9 se penche sur la transformation contemporaine de l\u2019outil de d\u00e9fense indien. 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