{"id":58397,"date":"2026-02-19T16:33:51","date_gmt":"2026-02-19T15:33:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/?p=58397"},"modified":"2026-02-20T09:07:37","modified_gmt":"2026-02-20T08:07:37","slug":"menaces-hybrides-quatre-annees-dacceleration-et-de-riposte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/dossier-special\/ukraine-dossier-special\/menaces-hybrides-quatre-annees-dacceleration-et-de-riposte\/","title":{"rendered":"Hybrid threats: four years of acceleration and response"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"58397\" class=\"elementor elementor-58397\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b0a0a9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5b0a0a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6d61cb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6d61cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af4771b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"af4771b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">IHEDN Mondays are now available in audio format!<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a882f54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a882f54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Click below to listen:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1125d22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1125d22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n.player-container-1 {\n  width: 100%;\n  padding: 10px;\n  border-radius: 20px;\n  backdrop-filter: blur(15px);\n  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.15);\n  box-shadow: 0 3px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);\n  display: flex;\n  flex-direction: inline;\n  align-items: flex-start;\n  color: #fff;\n  margin: 0 auto;\n  background-color: #053973;\n}\n\n#waveform-1 {\n  width: 100%;\n  height: 50px;\n  margin-bottom: 20px;\n}\n\n.controls-1 {\n  display: flex;\n  flex-direction: column;\n  align-items: center;\n  gap: 5px;\n}\n\n#playPause-1 {\n  width: 45px;\n  height: 45px;\n  border: none;\n  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.3);\n  backdrop-filter: blur(5px);\n  border-radius: 50%;\n  cursor: pointer;\n  display: flex;\n  justify-content: center;\n  align-items: center;\n  transition: background 0.2s;\n  padding: 0;\n}\n\n#playPause-1:hover {\n  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.5);\n}\n\n#playPause-1 svg {\n  width: 20px;\n  height: 20px;\n  fill: #fff;\n}\n\n#time-1 {\n  font-size: 16px;\n  text-align: center;\n  min-width: 80px;\n}\n\n.top-controls-1 {\n  width: 100%;\n  display: flex;\n  justify-content: space-between; 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These actions are part of a wider strategy of influence whose name has been widely popularised since the start of the war in Ukraine: hybrid warfare. What is it really about? By whom and by what means is it being waged? What are its real objectives?<\/p><p>Three specialists provide their answers to these questions, focusing on information warfare: Major General Air (in 2<sup>e<\/sup> section) <strong>Jean-Marc Vigilant<\/strong>, former director of the \u00c9cole de guerre and associate researcher at IRIS, <strong>Maxime Audinet<\/strong>, who holds the \u00abStrategies of Influence\u00bb chair at INALCO and is a researcher specialising in information warfare and Russian foreign policy. <strong>former intelligence services executive<\/strong>, whose former profession requests anonymity.<\/p><p>It is difficult to define hybrid warfare precisely, given the vagueness of the concept and the ambiguity of its constituent fields. However, all the definitions agree on some common characteristics:<\/p><ul><li>The combination of hostile activities carried out in conventional (land, sea and air) and unconventional environments, which therefore do not correspond to the traditional norms of warfare.<\/li><li>These activities take place in both physical fields (the seabed and exo-atmospheric space) and immaterial fields (the economy, cyber, energy and information).<\/li><li>They seek to destabilise one or more societies while remaining below the threshold of conflict, i.e. so as not to lead to open warfare.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29776ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"29776ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ec0280 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ec0280\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Between subversion and disinformation: Europe under pressure<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8bc8b9 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c8bc8b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c088ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c088ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Since the Russian aggression against Ukraine in 2022 and even before, European states have experienced a significant increase in hybrid interference. Since 2021, more than 160 pro-Russian destabilisation actions have been recorded on continental soil, including around fifty in France alone.<\/p><p>The CASSINI geopolitical analysis firm, the GEODE laboratory, the Institut Fran\u00e7ais de G\u00e9opolitique and the CORUSCANT collective <a href=\"https:\/\/atlas.cassini.group\/map\/strategie-russe-destabilisation-europe\">have produced an interactive map listing all acts of destabilisation<\/a> committed in the European Union since 2021.<\/p><p>Not only are these manoeuvres designed to destabilise, but they are part of a wider strategy of informational influence, as the former French services executive explains:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90ac0c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90ac0c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abClandestine destabilisation operations are among the toughest hybrid actions, designed to prepare the informational battlefield, in particular by seeking to instil fear in the population and paralyse leaders, before moving on to the war phase\u00bb.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea55995 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea55995\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Three examples of subversion, amplified and connected by disinformation, clearly show how this destabilising strategy is articulated by superimposing different fields of action:<\/p><ul><li>At the end of October 2023, hundreds of Stars of David were discovered in the streets of Paris. Initially regarded as an appeal to hatred, the act was later reclassified as a subversive operation and attributed by the Quai d'Orsay to Russian intelligence services.<\/li><li>In May 2024, red hands were stenciled on the Wall of the Righteous at the Shoah Memorial in Paris.<\/li><li>In June 2024, five coffins covered with a banner reading \u00abFrench soldiers from Ukraine\u00bb were discovered at the foot of the Eiffel Tower.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>According to researcher Maxime Audinet, the \"tagged stars\" operation was a success for Russia, highlighting the social divisions present in French society:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97b49e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"97b49e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abA whole series of media, including 24-hour news channels, in particular CNews and BFM TV, gave massive coverage to this affair even before we knew who was behind it, seeing it as an illustration of a resurgence of anti-Semitism within the Muslim community in France. Hundreds of thousands of viewers were exposed to this story. Before it was authenticated as interference, this act had already fulfilled its primary function: to aggravate divisions\u00bb.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37af1d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37af1d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>These tensions are then widely exploited, in particular through what are known as troll factories, sources of fake accounts on social networks that deliberately create online conflicts around extremely divisive subjects, such as Israel and Palestine.<\/p><p>Apart from simply exacerbating the social climate, this polarisation is also aimed at paralysing the government. According to the former services executive, the strategy behind these operations is above all political:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f595bc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f595bc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abThis polarisation reduces the room for manoeuvre of the leaders in power, who are opposed to Russia's plan to reconstitute its empire and, beyond that, its zone of influence. In France, as in other countries, the political extremes are growing stronger and showing themselves to be permeable to Russian influence. Even if they don't come to power, their weight is already having a significant impact on the freedom of decision of the highest political leaders, and can create chaos and distraction\u00bb.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4fa052 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c4fa052\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Polarisation influences the electoral strategy of political parties, which are ultimately forced to position themselves on an issue, at the risk of losing part of their electorate. This logic is growing and impacting on political debate on a wide variety of increasingly divisive issues, with repercussions for the room for manoeuvre of the government in power. Certain issues, such as support for Ukraine, are now taking a back seat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe8b3be e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fe8b3be\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14953b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"14953b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Weapons for resistance: the challenge of resilience<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90ded0f elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"90ded0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-447a2f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"447a2f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>If the modes of conflict are evolving, so too are the instruments of response and resilience. Several tools exist, at European, national and individual level. Numerous initiatives have been launched at European level. The former services executive, who worked specifically on these issues when he was posted to Brussels, explains their origins and outlines:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f00e291 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f00e291\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abAt the end of 2015, the European Hybrid Threat Cell (<em>EU Hybrid Fusion Cell<\/em>) was set up following Russia's annexation of Crimea. It is a structure dedicated to the analysis and creation of a common knowledge base for European intelligence services in the face of hybrid threats. Two other serious, high-level contributions were the <em>EU Disinformation Task Force<\/em>, The Helsinki Centre of Excellence, a centre for the analysis of hybrid strategies and the development of resilience tools.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99bdb97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"99bdb97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The former services executive is calling for this type of initiative to be stepped up, which could go as far as setting up a permanent secretariat and liaison officers\u00ab office \u00bbin support of the Commission which, in view of its remit, is playing a growing role in terms of resilience and the protection of critical infrastructures\u00ab. But this requires a \u00bbparadigm shift\u00ab: \u00bbNothing will happen without a Copernican revolution in terms of security culture and rules within the institutions\".\u00bb<\/p><p>At national level, the question of the political attribution of subversion operations is the subject of debate. Some specialists see it as an opportunity to strongly condemn an act of violation of sovereignty and destabilisation, while others consider that it is merely a trap, that of playing into the hands of the aggressor, by presenting him as stronger than he really is.<\/p><p>For Maxime Audinet, this decision must be taken on a case-by-case basis, but the effects of attribution are often effective, not only in countering Russian interference but also in reassuring the victim population:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bb55b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5bb55b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abIn a case like that of the Stars of David, attribution is fundamental, because it makes it possible to re-establish the facts, calm the public debate and restore responsibility, by showing that there was a malicious actor, in this case a Russian intelligence service. On the other hand, there are cases where attribution is difficult, because of the ambiguity of the practices of the actual perpetrators and the opacity of the chain of command. And sometimes attribution can give too much visibility to an operation that would not otherwise have had any.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31dc7f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31dc7f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The former services executive advocates more drastic solutions, although direct or allusive attribution is already an effective tool. Witness the arrests in early 2024 in Germany of a parliamentary assistant to the far-right AfD party and three other German nationals on suspicion of spying for China:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64e6e51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"64e6e51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abOnce a certain stage has been reached, we will have to stop \u00abplaying footsie\u00bb with an increasingly uninhibited enemy: it will be necessary to arrest and prosecute in order to neutralise destabilising actors.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43f05b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43f05b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Over the past five years, France has set up a number of organisations and tools to meet these challenges. In addition to the intelligence services, there are structures such as Viginum, the vigilance and protection service against foreign digital interference. Created in 2021 and reporting to the Prime Minister, its role is to detect foreign disinformation campaigns in order to protect the French public debate.<\/p><p>Other, more innovative initiatives are being implemented. These include <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/FrenchResponse\">French Response<\/a>, a scheme run by the French Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs to provide a humorous response on social networks to disinformation campaigns targeting France abroad. Maxime Audinet considers it to be rather relevant:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-590acab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"590acab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abWhat's interesting about French Response is that it clearly breaks away from traditional, highly polished diplomatic rhetoric, without falling into the trap of a \"diplomatic\" style. <em>trolling<\/em> manipulative, abusive or provocative. It's more about storytelling, humour, satire and derision, which obviously works\u00bb.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6881e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c6881e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The response to these hybrid tactics also takes place at an individual level. This level is crucial, as the manipulation of information is above all a matter of cognitive influence: the challenge lies in the adversaries' ability to influence mental frameworks, beliefs, emotions and interpretative reflexes in a lasting way.<\/p><p>For General Jean-Marc Vigilant, \u00abthis resilience depends above all on educating and training young minds in critical thinking and the effects of social networks. Learning how to use them means explaining how an information bubble or an algorithm works, or how to create a \"social network\".\u00a0<em>deepfake<\/em>. The idea is not to deny the existence of disinformation, but to put its scope into perspective so as to avoid falling into a constant paranoia that undermines public debate and democracy, and suggests that our societies are extremely vulnerable.\u00bb<\/p><p>It is precisely because democracies are open societies, with transparent debate, that they have the resources to resist this type of offensive.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89180bc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"89180bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcad582 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dcad582\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Informational influence: a long Russian history<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3636b2 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c3636b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa12a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa12a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Disinformation has a long history in Russia. As Maxime Audinet points out, \u00abthere is a real know-how that goes back to the Cold War, with the \u00abactive measures\u00bb of the first KGB directorate general, and even to the pre-revolutionary period. We can already see the use of disinformation for foreign policy purposes, for example with the production in the Russian empire of the Protocol of the Elders of Zion, a false conspiracy document used to justify and fuel anti-Semitism before the First World War and later under the Nazi regime.\u00bb<\/p><p>The practices of the Russian authorities show a strong continuity, systematically and uninhibitedly mobilising disinformation to weaken the adversary, convince, present Russia as a major world power and promote a positive image.<\/p><p>Following Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, the concept of hybrid warfare is evolving, tightening around information manipulation, cyber attacks and subversion operations. In response to Russia's destabilising actions on its soil, renamed \u201chybrid threats\u201d, the European Union is establishing its own definition: harmful activities planned and carried out with malicious intent to undermine a target, such as a state or institution, using a combination of tools, including disinformation, cyber attacks, clandestine political manoeuvring, or even the threat of military force.<\/p><p>The real innovation lies in the use of technology: the digital age has greatly reduced the cost of producing disinformation and increased its reach. It is now much simpler to simultaneously deploy thousands of accounts to promote a specific narrative than it was during the Cold War, when it was necessary to rely on heavier and more expensive media.<\/p><p>The use of state-owned media such as RT (Russia Today) and Sputnik has also marked a turning point in influence practices. According to Maxime Audinet, after the Russian-Georgian war in 2008, these media adopted a new stance, known as \u00abalternative\u00bb or counter-hegemonic. The aim was no longer to promote a positive image of Russia, but to \u00abbreak the monopoly of the Anglo-Saxon media in the global flow of information\u00bb, to quote Vladimir Putin during a visit to RT headquarters in 2013.<\/p><p>This is one of Russia's main objectives: to be seen as a strong state whose strategy has long been calculated and institutionalised. However, the reality is more nuanced, according to Maxime Audinet:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-927f10d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"927f10d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abThere is a tendency to overestimate the doctrinal and institutional depth of these practices, even though they are often the result of individual initiatives and opportunistic experimentation. People try things out, see what works and what doesn't, and that's how these practices become institutionalised, rather than through long-planned strategic decisions\u00bb.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e48dd2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e48dd2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>All in all, Vladimir Putin's Russia seems to have lost some key strategic battles over the last four years. For General Jean-Marc Vigilant, the conclusion is clear:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae44c77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae44c77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abPutin has lost strategically: he wanted to push NATO back, but has ended up with an extra 2,500 km of NATO borders. He wanted to disunite Ukraine, but Ukraine has never been so united. He wanted to separate and weaken the Europeans: we have never been so federated and we are in the process of rearming ourselves by force. In the end, he lost a lot.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e0a8f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e0a8f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In his view, Russia seems to be planning a headlong rush. After having invested so many resources, in financial, human and material terms, Vladimir Putin is forced to continue the war effort, both on the Ukrainian front and in the information field,\" adds the general:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f9b8a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f9b8a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abIts aim is to test NATO's solidity, to test our commitment to the other member countries of the Alliance, particularly with regard to the use of Article 5, the collective defence clause. Some countries feel that they cannot defend themselves without the United States. Putin is playing on that. He is trying to fracture our European cohesion.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Since Russia's large-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, hybrid interference has been on the increase, targeting the vulnerabilities of European states in order to weaken their cohesion. Three specialists in the subject shed light on the aims and forms of these attacks, and on the responses put in place in France and Europe.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":58399,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[283,41,284],"tags":[282],"class_list":["post-58397","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dossier-special","category-lundis-de-lihedn","category-ukraine-dossier-special","tag-4ans-ukraine"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Menaces hybrides : quatre ann\u00e9es d\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration et de riposte - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/menaces-hybrides-quatre-annees-dacceleration-et-de-riposte\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Menaces hybrides : quatre ann\u00e9es d\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration et de riposte - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Depuis l\u2019invasion \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle de l\u2019Ukraine par la Russie en f\u00e9vrier 2022, les ing\u00e9rences hybrides se multiplient, ciblant les failles des \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens afin d\u2019en affaiblir la coh\u00e9sion. Trois sp\u00e9cialistes du sujet nous \u00e9clairent sur les buts et formes de ces attaques, et sur les r\u00e9ponses mises en place en France et en Europe.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/menaces-hybrides-quatre-annees-dacceleration-et-de-riposte\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ihedn\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-02-19T15:33:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-20T08:07:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/BANDEAU_LIH_MAINSROUGES_UKRAINE.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Coline Dassonville\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IHEDN\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IHEDN\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Coline Dassonville\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"13 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/menaces-hybrides-quatre-annees-dacceleration-et-de-riposte\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/menaces-hybrides-quatre-annees-dacceleration-et-de-riposte\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Coline Dassonville\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7a52e81319c373f5462ade39e81a7f19\"},\"headline\":\"Menaces hybrides : quatre ann\u00e9es d\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration et de riposte\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-02-19T15:33:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-20T08:07:37+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/menaces-hybrides-quatre-annees-dacceleration-et-de-riposte\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2767,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/menaces-hybrides-quatre-annees-dacceleration-et-de-riposte\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/02\\\/BANDEAU_LIH_MAINSROUGES_UKRAINE.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"4ans-ukraine\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Dossier sp\u00e9cial\",\"Lundis de l'IHEDN\",\"Ukraine\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/menaces-hybrides-quatre-annees-dacceleration-et-de-riposte\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/lundis-de-lihedn\\\/menaces-hybrides-quatre-annees-dacceleration-et-de-riposte\\\/\",\"name\":\"Menaces hybrides : quatre ann\u00e9es d\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration et de riposte - 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