{"id":59334,"date":"2026-04-03T10:57:54","date_gmt":"2026-04-03T09:57:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/?p=59334"},"modified":"2026-04-17T13:57:38","modified_gmt":"2026-04-17T12:57:38","slug":"la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/","title":{"rendered":"Franco-British defence cooperation"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"59334\" class=\"elementor elementor-59334\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c679842 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c679842\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8772236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"8772236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"57430\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || [];FB3D_CLIENT_DATA.push('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');window.FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87d8430 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87d8430\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b64218 elementor-position-inline-end elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"8b64218\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Fiche-34-la-cooperation-franco-britannique.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Download the news sheet\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-file-download\" viewbox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224 136V0H24C10.7 0 0 10.7 0 24v464c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h336c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V160H248c-13.2 0-24-10.8-24-24zm76.45 211.36l-96.42 95.7c-6.65 6.61-17.39 6.61-24.04 0l-96.42-95.7C73.42 337.29 80.54 320 94.82 320H160v-80c0-8.84 7.16-16 16-16h32c8.84 0 16 7.16 16 16v80h65.18c14.28 0 21.4 17.29 11.27 27.36zM377 105L279.1 7c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H256v128h128v-6.1c0-6.3-2.5-12.4-7-16.9z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Fiche-34-la-cooperation-franco-britannique.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDownload the news sheet\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcdb7e5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fcdb7e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2602971 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2602971\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Franco-British military cooperation has a long history, from the Entente Cordiale to the Suez operation, marked by constant operational solidarity but also by strategic differences, particularly over nuclear sovereignty and Atlantic alignment.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>The Treaties of Lancaster House (2010) and Lancaster 2.0 (2025) institutionalise the partnership, creating a Joint Franco-British Expeditionary Force (CJEF), strengthening nuclear coordination and capability integration, while revealing the limits of convergence in the face of national choices, transatlantic priorities and competing industrial projects.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>In the medium term, the relationship remains dynamic but fragile: the UK is moving partly towards a post-Brexit Europe, while Paris and London are following different but converging approaches on Ukraine and military modernisation.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8d02e2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b8d02e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8e6c0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d8e6c0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9fecbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b9fecbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context - Long-standing military cooperation between operational solidarity and strategic differences<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7021102 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7021102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Franco-British relationship is still shaped by a deeply ambivalent strategic memory. The Entente Cordiale of 1904 marked the first major diplomatic rapprochement between the two countries and paved the way for greater strategic cooperation. From 1914 onwards, this dynamic was reflected in the joint involvement of the two armies in the First World War and the conduct of coordinated military operations on the Western Front. The creation of an Allied Command in 1918, under Marshal Foch, symbolised the culmination of this military cooperation in the face of the German offensive. However, the experience of Munich in 1938, often perceived in France as the emblem of a British policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany, also fuelled a lasting memory of mistrust.<\/p><p>This ambivalence came to the fore again during the Second World War. Operation <em>Dynamo<\/em>, The Battle of Dunkirk in the spring of 1940 was a seminal example of this. Although the evacuation of more than 340,000 British, Belgian and French soldiers enabled the United Kingdom to continue the war, it was only made possible by the resistance of the French forces in the face of the German advance. Here again, the memorial accounts have diverged for a long time. In France, the perception of British abandonment, fuelled by the propaganda of the Vichy regime, anchored the idea of a form of betrayal. This perception was reinforced by the British bombardment of the French fleet at Mers el-K\u00e9bir on 3 July 1940, decided by Winston Churchill to prevent the ships from falling into the hands of Nazi Germany. The attack resulted in the destruction or damage of several French Navy vessels and the death of almost 1,300 French sailors, leaving a lasting mark on the memory of the attack. In the UK, French heroism has long been relegated to the background in a narrative focused on national resilience. At the same time, this conflicting memory coexists with another legacy: from June 1940 onwards, London became the main political and military support for the Free French, offering General de Gaulle and his supporters an essential base from which to continue the fight against Nazi Germany.<\/p><p>This divergence in memory continued on the strategic front with the Suez crisis in 1956. The joint Franco-British expedition to Egypt, quickly condemned by the United States and the Soviet Union, ended in political failure and produced opposing structural effects. London learnt the lesson of the need for closer alignment with Washington, the \u00abspecial relationship\u00bb sealed by the Nassau agreements of 1962, which permanently tied the British nuclear deterrent to the American umbrella. Conversely, Paris accelerated its quest for strategic autonomy.<sup>e<\/sup> R\u00e9publique, the nuclear programme was stepped up under the V<sup>e <\/sup>In 1964, this led to the creation of the Strategic Air Forces (FAS), followed in 1972 by the first operational patrol of the <em>Redoubtable<\/em>, the first French nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine. These different responses to the same strategic shock have fuelled persistent misunderstandings: British misunderstandings about France's position within NATO, particularly following its withdrawal from the integrated military command in 1966, and French scepticism about the UK's role in the emergence of a European defence. Thus, long before the contemporary debates on the relationship between national sovereignty, Atlantic anchorage and European security, the foundations of the bilateral relationship were already marked by a structural tension between operational solidarity and strategic divergence.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-787d3b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"787d3b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crise_du_canal_de_Suez\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"319\" src=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/fiche-actualite-34-figure-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-59336\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/fiche-actualite-34-figure-1.jpg 500w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/fiche-actualite-34-figure-1-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">British soldiers in Port Said with a captured Egyptian SU-100, November 1956<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9593b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9593b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The end of the Cold War ushered in a period of pragmatic reorganisation, marked by a growing operational rapprochement between Paris and London. Joint engagements in the first Gulf War (1990-1991), and then in the wars in Yugoslavia (1991-2001), revealed the limits of French interoperability with NATO standards and the changes needed in the army model. This realisation led Paris to invest in modernising its capabilities and to seek closer cooperation with London, which was seen both as the benchmark military partner in Europe and as a possible comparison point in terms of capabilities, organisation and doctrine.<\/p><p>This movement found its political consecration in the Chequers Declaration of October 1995. At the end of the summit, John Major and Jacques Chirac presented the Franco-British relationship as a \u00abglobal partnership\u00bb and affirmed that the vital interests of each were indissociable from those of the other, marking a qualitative leap in strategic solidarity. Defence cooperation is at the heart of this partnership, with the creation of a joint air group, joint naval exercises, a deepening of the nuclear dialogue while respecting the independence of national deterrents, and British support for French tests with a view to signing the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. In the context of the wars in Yugoslavia, Paris and London coordinated their positions on Bosnia, claiming a central role in stabilising the conflict and announcing a strengthening of anti-terrorist cooperation, in particular by setting up a bilateral rapid reaction force. They are also launching a joint conflict prevention initiative in Africa, illustrating their desire to assume joint global responsibilities.<\/p><p>This dynamic is based on a shared conviction: as permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, France and the United Kingdom have a special responsibility in international crisis management and must be able to act together.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04af2e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"04af2e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bfmtv.com\/culture\/paris-et-londres-resserrent-leur-cooperation-militaire_AN-201011020005.html\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"448\" height=\"252\" src=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/fiche-actualite-34-figure-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-59337\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/fiche-actualite-34-figure-2.jpg 448w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/fiche-actualite-34-figure-2-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Nicolas Sarkozy and David Cameron at the signing of the Lancaster House Treaties in London in 2010<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f58ac28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f58ac28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Following on from this momentum, and after a decade marked by operational cooperation, the logic of consolidation was institutionalised in 2010 with the signing of the Lancaster House Treaties, which marked a new qualitative leap in defence cooperation. These treaties strengthen exchanges of personnel at strategic and operational levels, promote the integration of staffs and give rise to the Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF), designed as a bi-national expeditionary force with a high level of readiness. Since then, the French and British armies have been training together in demanding scenarios, consolidating the interoperability that has become essential in a deteriorating security environment.<\/p><p>At the same time, at the diplomatic level, the E3 format (France, United Kingdom, Germany) illustrates their ability to act together on major strategic issues, notably during the negotiations on Iran's nuclear programme which led to the Teheran declaration in 2003 and the Paris agreement in 2004. Although the enlargement of the European Union is gradually reducing the structuring influence of the E3 format within the Community framework, Franco-British cooperation remains one of the operational and diplomatic pillars of European security. The Brexit has not made any substantial changes to this, with the two countries continuing to cooperate closely on defence matters outside the EU's institutional framework.<\/p><p>However, this momentum will come to an abrupt halt in 2021 with the announcement of the AUKUS agreement between the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia to supply Canberra with nuclear-powered submarines. This decision comes at a time when Australia had initially committed to a major industrial partnership with France for the acquisition of conventional submarines. In Paris, the announcement is seen as a breach of strategic trust and as the calling into question of an emblematic contract, revealing the political fragility of a relationship that is nevertheless highly institutionalised in military terms. Without wiping out the operational gains accumulated since 2010, the AUKUS episode highlights the limits of bilateral solidarity in the face of London's global strategic priorities and its privileged position in the transatlantic relationship.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa75228 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fa75228\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cfba30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"0cfba30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daddbc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daddbc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Analysis - A new strategic rapprochement with the Lancaster 2.0 agreements?<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88d88a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88d88a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The renewal of the Lancaster House agreements, formalised on the occasion of Emmanuel Macron's State visit to the United Kingdom in July 2025, through the so-called \u00abLancaster House 2.0\u00bb declaration, and the concomitant adoption of the Northwood declaration, represent a significant step forward in the Franco-British strategic partnership. Explicitly in line with the 2010 treaties, these new commitments establish as a priority the defence of the European continent and preparation for high-intensity conflicts. Whereas the initial dynamic was largely structured around external operations and the fight against terrorism, Lancaster 2.0 marks a convergence of analysis on the lasting deterioration of the strategic environment, the return of interstate warfare in Europe and the growing uncertainties surrounding the sustainability of the American commitment, including in terms of extended deterrence.<\/p><p>In this context, the Northwood Declaration has a singular significance. Without calling into question the principle of independence of the two deterrents, it affirms the desire to deepen cooperation and coordination between the only two nuclear powers in Western Europe. The two countries have broadly comparable architectures, each structured around a strategic oceanic force made up of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBN), with France also retaining an airborne component. Although the precise details of this cooperation have not yet been made public, some analyses point to a deepening of the doctrinal dialogue, increased synchronisation of postures and enhanced coordination of patrols and SNLE protection systems.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4355ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4355ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jiia.or.jp\/eng\/report\/2025\/07\/column\/2025\/07\/security-fy2025-01.html\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"296\" src=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/fiche-actualite-34-figure-3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-59338\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/fiche-actualite-34-figure-3.jpg 560w, https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/fiche-actualite-34-figure-3-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Emmanuel Macron and Keir Starmer at the 2025 Franco-British summit, giving rise to the Lancaster 2.0 Treaties and the Northwood Declaration <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7355b6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7355b6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>However, this cautious integration drive is taking place in a strategic environment marked by persistent national trade-offs. In June 2025, a few weeks before the Northwood Declaration, London announced its intention to reconstitute a nuclear airborne capability through the acquisition of F-35A fighter jets produced by Lockheed Martin, in industrial cooperation with BAE Systems. This decision, which reinforces the British anchorage in the American capability ecosystem, does not formally contradict Franco-British cooperation, but it does remind us of its structural limits: strategic convergence takes place while respecting distinct doctrinal sovereignties and under the persistent influence of the transatlantic relationship.<\/p><p>Lancaster 2.0 goes beyond the nuclear option, aiming to achieve a substantial increase in capability and operational integration. The aim is to transform the combined joint expeditionary force into a joint force capable of reaching corps level, with greater volume and responsiveness, in order to give credibility to an autonomous capacity for action on a European scale. However, this ambition depends on the success of national land force modernisation plans, in a constrained budgetary and industrial context. Comparable objectives of increased interoperability also exist in the naval domain, notably through better coordination of naval air group deployments and reinforced cooperation in the North Atlantic and North Sea, while the Royal Navy remains confronted with major capability constraints.<\/p><p>Emmanuel Macron's speech at Ile Longue on 2 March 2025 also confirmed France's desire to strengthen the European dimension of deterrence, while continuing to maintain close dialogue with the UK on nuclear and strategic issues. This convergence can also be seen in the context of the war in Ukraine, where, during 2025, the coalition of the willing in Europe sees London and Paris as its most active supporters, coordinating military and logistical aid while asserting their leading role in supporting the Ukrainian forces.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe17084 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fe17084\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae9ee80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ae9ee80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b09c49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b09c49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Outlook - Convergence remains fragile <\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8a1deb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8a1deb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the medium term, the Franco-British relationship will become both more fluid and more competitive. Five years after the Brexit, the \u00abreset\u00bb agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom opens up a phase of pragmatic rapprochement: London can now benefit from European funds dedicated to rearmament such as SAFE and EDIP, re-articulating its role in the European capability architecture without calling into question its withdrawal.<\/p><p>At the same time, London was diversifying its partnerships. The bilateral defence treaty with Germany, \u00abTrinity House\u00bb, including a mutual protection clause, marks an unprecedented deepening. In aeronautics, the UK's Global Combat Air Programme, launched in 2022 with Italy and Japan, is in direct competition with the Franco-German SCAF.<\/p><p>Finally, the war in Ukraine highlights differences in approach: the UK favours direct support for Ukrainian industry and short production cycles adapted to the frontline, while France favours the controlled export of its own equipment. These differences reflect distinct industrial and operational cultures, without calling into question the fundamental strategic convergence. They could, however, have a lasting influence on Franco-British cooperation in a reshaping Europe of defence.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5723a23 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5723a23\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b559cdd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b559cdd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb0952b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb0952b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>To find out more<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Alice Pannier, <em>Rivals in Arms,<\/em> <em>The Rise of UK-France Defence Relations in the Twenty-First Century<\/em>, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2020.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/fr\/editoriaux\/visite-de-trump-au-royaume-uni-la-relation-speciale-lepreuve-des-faits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sylvain Gaillaud, Trump's visit to the UK: the \u00abspecial relationship\u00bb put to the test, IFRI, 16.09.2025<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/rfcb\/6582\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thibaud Harrois, \u201cFranco-British Defence and Security Cooperation after Brexit: An Exception in Europe\u201d in <em>Revue fran\u00e7aise de civilisation britannique<\/em>, XXV-4, 2020<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd20cbc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fd20cbc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d08100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7d08100\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c3b7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"76c3b7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliography<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd52ae4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd52ae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This <em>This fact sheet is based on information from the following sources:<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fb2aa2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7fb2aa2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/euractiv.fr\/news\/germany-uk-pledge-to-coordinate-on-nuclear-deterrence-security-in-landmark-treaty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alipour, Nick, \u00abSecurity, nuclear deterrence... Germany and the UK sign historic friendship treaty\u00bb, EURACTIV Germany, 17.07.2025<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iiss.org\/online-analysis\/military-balance\/2025\/07\/ukfrance-defence-a-statement-of-entente-for-wider-european-security\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Childs, Nick, \u00abUK - France defence: a statement of entente for wider European security?\u00bb, IISS, 25.07.2025<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elysee.fr\/emmanuel-macron\/2025\/07\/14\/lancaster-house-2-0-declaration-sur-la-modernisation-de-la-cooperation-de-defense-et-de-securite-entre-la-france-et-le-royaume-uni\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elys\u00e9e, \u00abLancaster House 2.0: Declaration on the modernisation of defence and security cooperation between France and the United Kingdom\u00bb, News, 14.07.2025<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/lancaster-house-20-declaration-on-modernising-uk-french-defence-and-security-cooperation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gov-UK, \u201cLancaster House 2.0: Declaration on Modernising UK-French Defence and Security Cooperation\u201d, Press release, 10.07.2025<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frstrategie.org\/programmes\/observatoire-de-la-dissuasion\/elsa-un-enjeu-integration-industrielle-doctrinale-2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hautecouverture, Benjamin, \u00abELSA: a challenge of industrial and doctrinal integration\u00bb, Observatoire de la dissuasion, FRS, 23.10.2025<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iiss.org\/publications\/strategic-comments\/2025\/09\/the-northwood-declaration-uk-france-nuclear-cooperation-and-a-new-european-strategic-backstop\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Institute for Strategic Studies, \u00abThe Northwood Declaration: UK-France nuclear cooperation and a new European strategic backstop\u00bb, September 2025<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/international\/article\/2025\/06\/25\/le-royaume-uni-va-se-doter-d-avions-capables-de-transporter-l-arme-atomique-renforcant-la-dissuasion-nucleaire-de-l-otan_6615692_3210.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Le Monde \/ AFP, \u00abLe Royaume-Uni va se doter d'avions capables de transporter l'arme atomique, renfor\u00e7ant la dissuasion nucl\u00e9aire de l'OTAN\u00bb, Le Monde, 25.06.2025<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/cpd8veqej90o\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McKiernan, Jennifer, \u00abReeves argues for deeper trade partnership with EU\u00bb, BBC, 11.02.2026<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defense.gouv.fr\/actualites\/lancaster-house-20-renforcement-cooperation-franco-britannique\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ministry of the Armed Forces and Veterans, \u00abLancaster House 2.0. Strengthening Franco-British Cooperation\u00bb, 17.07.2025<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defense.gouv.fr\/actualites\/france-royaume-uni-cooperation-militaire-lepreuve-lhistoire#:~:text=Cette%20force%20bilat%C3%A9rale%20est%20%C3%A9galement,ensemble%20en%20cas%20de%20crise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ministry of Defence, \u00abFrance - United Kingdom: military cooperation put to the test of history\u00bb, News, 19.09.2023<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defense.gouv.fr\/marine\/actualites\/cjef-15-ans-cooperation-franco-britannique\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ministry of the Army and Veterans Affairs, \u00abThe CJEF: nearly 15 years of Franco-British cooperation\u00bb, News, 3.12.2024<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vie-publique.fr\/discours\/178978-conference-de-presse-conjointe-de-mm-jacques-chirac-president-de-la-re\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise, Vie publique, \u00abJoint press conference by Jacques Chirac, President of the French Republic, and John Major, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, on Franco-British cooperation, the nuclear test ban, the European Union, EMU and Bosnia\u00bb, London, 30.10.199.<\/a>5<\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.robert-schuman.eu\/questions-d-europe\/811-la-dissuasion-nucleaire-francaise-et-l-europe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rogel, Amiral Bernard, \u00abThe French nuclear deterrent and Europe\u00bb, Robert Schuman Foundation, 17.11.2025<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2026\/feb\/11\/labour-political-argument-closer-eu-ties-rachel-reeves\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stewart, Heather, \u00abLabour can win political argument for closer EU ties, says Rachel Reeves\u00bb, The Guardian, 11.02.2026<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.touteleurope.eu\/l-ue-dans-le-monde\/la-france-et-le-royaume-uni-vont-coordonner-leurs-forces-de-dissuasion-nucleaire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Verdes, Juliette, \u00abFrance and the United Kingdom to \u00abcoordinate\u00bb their nuclear deterrent forces\u00bb, Toute l'Europe, 10.07.2025<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/international\/article\/2025\/07\/09\/entre-la-france-et-le-royaume-uni-les-limites-de-la-cooperation-militaire_6620140_3210.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vincent, Elise ; Ducourtieux, C\u00e9cile, \u00ab Entre la France et le Royaume-Uni, les limites de la coop\u00e9ration militaire \u00bb, Le Monde, 9.07.2025<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66c4d1a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"66c4d1a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3970dbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3970dbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This file is automatically translated<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This fact sheet focuses on Franco-British military cooperation, from its historical foundations marked by the Entente Cordiale of 1904, the First World War, the Battle of Dunkirk (1940) and the Suez Crisis (1956) to post-Cold War operational rapprochement. It analyses the role of the Treaties of Lancaster House (2010) and Lancaster 2.0 (2025), which institutionalise the Franco-British Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF) and strengthen nuclear and capability coordination, while highlighting the limits of this solidarity in the face of national trade-offs and divergent industrial choices. Finally, it sheds light on the prospects for the relationship, between opportunities for European rapprochement post-Brexit and the challenges posed by competition in the development of military capabilities. It also sheds light on the differing approaches of Paris and London to Ukraine, in a context of strategic recomposition of European defence.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":59339,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[235],"tags":[225,285],"class_list":["post-59334","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fiches-actualite","tag-fiche-actualite","tag-royaume-uni"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>La coop\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fense franco-britannique - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cette fiche d\u2019actualit\u00e9 se penche sur la transformation contemporaine de l\u2019outil de d\u00e9fense indien. Elle commence par mettre en lumi\u00e8re l\u2019accroissement constant des budgets et effectifs militaires du pays, ainsi que la volont\u00e9 de d\u00e9velopper une industrie de d\u00e9fense locale, analyse certaines des limites \u00e0 la transformation engag\u00e9e, puis conclut sur les perspectives de militarisation accrue de l\u2019Asie dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir \u00e0 la faveur d\u2019une forme de \u00ab dilemme de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00bb.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La coop\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fense franco-britannique - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cette fiche d\u2019actualit\u00e9 se penche sur la transformation contemporaine de l\u2019outil de d\u00e9fense indien. Elle commence par mettre en lumi\u00e8re l\u2019accroissement constant des budgets et effectifs militaires du pays, ainsi que la volont\u00e9 de d\u00e9velopper une industrie de d\u00e9fense locale, analyse certaines des limites \u00e0 la transformation engag\u00e9e, puis conclut sur les perspectives de militarisation accrue de l\u2019Asie dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir \u00e0 la faveur d\u2019une forme de \u00ab dilemme de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00bb.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ihedn\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-04-03T09:57:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-17T12:57:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Fiches-dactualite-28-1024x900.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Coline Dassonville\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"La coop\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fense franco-britannique - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Cette fiche d\u2019actualit\u00e9 se penche sur la transformation contemporaine de l\u2019outil de d\u00e9fense indien. Elle commence par mettre en lumi\u00e8re l\u2019accroissement constant des budgets et effectifs militaires du pays, ainsi que la volont\u00e9 de d\u00e9velopper une industrie de d\u00e9fense locale, analyse certaines des limites \u00e0 la transformation engag\u00e9e, puis conclut sur les perspectives de militarisation accrue de l\u2019Asie dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir \u00e0 la faveur d\u2019une forme de \u00ab dilemme de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00bb.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Fiches-dactualite-28.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IHEDN\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IHEDN\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Coline Dassonville\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"14 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/fiches-actualite\\\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/fiches-actualite\\\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Coline Dassonville\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7a52e81319c373f5462ade39e81a7f19\"},\"headline\":\"La coop\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fense franco-britannique\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-04-03T09:57:54+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-04-17T12:57:38+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/fiches-actualite\\\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2908,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/fiches-actualite\\\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/Fiches-dactualite-35.png\",\"keywords\":[\"fiche-actualit\u00e9\",\"royaume-uni\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Fiches d'actualit\u00e9s\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/fiches-actualite\\\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/fiches-actualite\\\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\\\/\",\"name\":\"La coop\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fense franco-britannique - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/fiches-actualite\\\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/fiches-actualite\\\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/Fiches-dactualite-35.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-04-03T09:57:54+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-04-17T12:57:38+00:00\",\"description\":\"Cette fiche d\u2019actualit\u00e9 se penche sur la transformation contemporaine de l\u2019outil de d\u00e9fense indien. Elle commence par mettre en lumi\u00e8re l\u2019accroissement constant des budgets et effectifs militaires du pays, ainsi que la volont\u00e9 de d\u00e9velopper une industrie de d\u00e9fense locale, analyse certaines des limites \u00e0 la transformation engag\u00e9e, puis conclut sur les perspectives de militarisation accrue de l\u2019Asie dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir \u00e0 la faveur d\u2019une forme de \u00ab dilemme de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00bb.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/fiches-actualite\\\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/fiches-actualite\\\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/fiches-actualite\\\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/Fiches-dactualite-35.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/Fiches-dactualite-35.png\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":900},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/fiches-actualite\\\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Accueil\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"La coop\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fense franco-britannique\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/\",\"name\":\"IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale |\",\"description\":\"Site officiel de l&#039;IHEDN plac\u00e9 sous la tutelle du Premier ministre.\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"IHEDN - Institut des Hautes Etudes de D\u00e9fense Nationale\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/11\\\/BLOC_RF_IHEDN_WEB.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/11\\\/BLOC_RF_IHEDN_WEB.png\",\"width\":500,\"height\":237,\"caption\":\"IHEDN - Institut des Hautes Etudes de D\u00e9fense Nationale\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/ihedn\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/IHEDN\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/ihedn\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/school\\\/ihedn\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/fr.wikipedia.org\\\/wiki\\\/Institut_des_hautes_\u00e9tudes_de_D\u00e9fense_nationale\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7a52e81319c373f5462ade39e81a7f19\",\"name\":\"Coline Dassonville\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/abc7cbc6297b987d7cbee36041f952619e584620b919eb849c804adf789c1147?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/abc7cbc6297b987d7cbee36041f952619e584620b919eb849c804adf789c1147?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/abc7cbc6297b987d7cbee36041f952619e584620b919eb849c804adf789c1147?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Coline Dassonville\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ihedn.fr\\\/en\\\/author\\\/coline\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Franco-British defence cooperation - L'IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale","description":"This fact sheet looks at the contemporary transformation of India's defence apparatus. It begins by highlighting the constant increase in the country's military budgets and manpower, as well as the desire to develop a local defence industry. It then analyses some of the limits to the transformation underway, and concludes with the prospects for increased militarisation in Asia in the years ahead, in the context of a form of \"security dilemma\".","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"La coop\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fense franco-britannique - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale","og_description":"Cette fiche d\u2019actualit\u00e9 se penche sur la transformation contemporaine de l\u2019outil de d\u00e9fense indien. Elle commence par mettre en lumi\u00e8re l\u2019accroissement constant des budgets et effectifs militaires du pays, ainsi que la volont\u00e9 de d\u00e9velopper une industrie de d\u00e9fense locale, analyse certaines des limites \u00e0 la transformation engag\u00e9e, puis conclut sur les perspectives de militarisation accrue de l\u2019Asie dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir \u00e0 la faveur d\u2019une forme de \u00ab dilemme de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00bb.","og_url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/","og_site_name":"L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ihedn\/","article_published_time":"2026-04-03T09:57:54+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-04-17T12:57:38+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":900,"url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Fiches-dactualite-28-1024x900.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Coline Dassonville","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_title":"La coop\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fense franco-britannique - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale","twitter_description":"Cette fiche d\u2019actualit\u00e9 se penche sur la transformation contemporaine de l\u2019outil de d\u00e9fense indien. Elle commence par mettre en lumi\u00e8re l\u2019accroissement constant des budgets et effectifs militaires du pays, ainsi que la volont\u00e9 de d\u00e9velopper une industrie de d\u00e9fense locale, analyse certaines des limites \u00e0 la transformation engag\u00e9e, puis conclut sur les perspectives de militarisation accrue de l\u2019Asie dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir \u00e0 la faveur d\u2019une forme de \u00ab dilemme de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00bb.","twitter_image":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Fiches-dactualite-28.png","twitter_creator":"@IHEDN","twitter_site":"@IHEDN","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Coline Dassonville","Estimated reading time":"14 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/"},"author":{"name":"Coline Dassonville","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#\/schema\/person\/7a52e81319c373f5462ade39e81a7f19"},"headline":"La coop\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fense franco-britannique","datePublished":"2026-04-03T09:57:54+00:00","dateModified":"2026-04-17T12:57:38+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/"},"wordCount":2908,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Fiches-dactualite-35.png","keywords":["fiche-actualit\u00e9","royaume-uni"],"articleSection":["Fiches d'actualit\u00e9s"],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/","url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/","name":"Franco-British defence cooperation - L'IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Fiches-dactualite-35.png","datePublished":"2026-04-03T09:57:54+00:00","dateModified":"2026-04-17T12:57:38+00:00","description":"This fact sheet looks at the contemporary transformation of India's defence apparatus. It begins by highlighting the constant increase in the country's military budgets and manpower, as well as the desire to develop a local defence industry. It then analyses some of the limits to the transformation underway, and concludes with the prospects for increased militarisation in Asia in the years ahead, in the context of a form of \"security dilemma\".","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Fiches-dactualite-35.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Fiches-dactualite-35.png","width":1600,"height":900},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/fiches-actualite\/la-cooperation-de-defense-franco-britannique\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Accueil","item":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"La coop\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fense franco-britannique"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/","name":"IHEDN: Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale (Institute for Higher National Defence Studies)","description":"Official website of the IHEDN under the supervision of the Prime Minister.","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#organization","name":"IHEDN - Institute for Higher National Defence Studies","url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/BLOC_RF_IHEDN_WEB.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/BLOC_RF_IHEDN_WEB.png","width":500,"height":237,"caption":"IHEDN - Institut des Hautes Etudes de D\u00e9fense Nationale"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ihedn\/","https:\/\/x.com\/IHEDN","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/ihedn\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/school\/ihedn\/","https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institut_des_hautes_\u00e9tudes_de_D\u00e9fense_nationale"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/#\/schema\/person\/7a52e81319c373f5462ade39e81a7f19","name":"Coline Dassonville","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/abc7cbc6297b987d7cbee36041f952619e584620b919eb849c804adf789c1147?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/abc7cbc6297b987d7cbee36041f952619e584620b919eb849c804adf789c1147?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/abc7cbc6297b987d7cbee36041f952619e584620b919eb849c804adf789c1147?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Coline Dassonville"},"url":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/coline\/"}]}},"publishpress_future_action":{"enabled":false,"date":"2026-05-05 20:50:50","action":"change-status","newStatus":"draft","terms":[],"taxonomy":"category","extraData":[]},"publishpress_future_workflow_manual_trigger":{"enabledWorkflows":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59334","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59334"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59334\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":59709,"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59334\/revisions\/59709"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/59339"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59334"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=59334"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=59334"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}