{"id":61715,"date":"2026-07-06T11:07:15","date_gmt":"2026-07-06T10:07:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/?p=61715"},"modified":"2026-07-06T11:07:36","modified_gmt":"2026-07-06T10:07:36","slug":"le-traite-de-barcelone-laxe-franco-espagnol-au-coeur-de-la-souvrainete-europeenne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/le-traite-de-barcelone-laxe-franco-espagnol-au-coeur-de-la-souvrainete-europeenne\/","title":{"rendered":"The Treaty of Barcelona: the Franco-Spanish axis at the heart of European sovereignty"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"61715\" class=\"elementor elementor-61715\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-996fc96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"996fc96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be8755d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"be8755d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">IHEDN Mondays are now available in audio format!<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12bc3a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"12bc3a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Click below to listen:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-191a3b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"191a3b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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{\n    const current = wavesurfer1.getCurrentTime();\n    const duration = wavesurfer1.getDuration();\n    timeDisplay1.textContent = formatTime(current) + ' \/ ' + formatTime(duration);\n});\n\nwavesurfer1.on('ready', () => {\n    const duration = wavesurfer1.getDuration();\n    timeDisplay1.textContent = '00:00 \/ ' + formatTime(duration);\n});\n<\/script>\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b21a8ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b21a8ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab06f85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ab06f85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Summer feature: \u00abAthena at the Beach\u00bb is touring France!<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-260e6cf elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"260e6cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23593b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"23593b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p><p>For the fourth year running, IHEDN is here to keep you company throughout your holidays with the launch of its major summer event, \u00abAth\u00e9na \u00e0 la plage\u00bb. For the 2026 edition, there\u2019ll be no lazing about \u2013 instead, it\u2019s a veritable \u2018Grande Boucle\u2019 of defence culture!<\/p><p><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Light;\">The starting signal has been given in Barcelona for an unprecedented intellectual and geopolitical race. After a memorable journey through\u00a0<strong><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Medium;\">21 steps<\/span><\/strong>, our strategic peloton will cross the legendary finish line on 26 July, in the heart of the Cour d\u2019honneur at the \u00c9cole Militaire.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Light;\">Our \u2018Grande Boucle\u2019 programme features a journey through France\u2019s national defence \u2013 past, present and future:<\/span><\/p><ul><li><div><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Light;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Medium;\">High-level strategy<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: an analysis of the key issues in international cooperation and partnerships.<\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Light;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Medium;\">Military geography<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: an analysis of the topographical challenges, borders and terrain features that shape defence.<\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Light;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Medium;\">Human history<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: an exploration of key historical sites and a focus on the illustrious figures who have left their mark on our collective memory.<\/span><\/div><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Light;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Medium;\">The best bit?<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0An interactive 100 % journey! Throughout the summer, test your knowledge on the beach or at the office with our little-known historical facts, visual content and weekly quizzes.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Light;\">Pack your bags: it\u2019s time to set off!<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23fa8f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"23fa8f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20d6d21 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"20d6d21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a82d4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a82d4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Light;\">For our first stop, Ath\u00e9na is heading to Barcelona, a city that has come to symbolise a historic strategic rapprochement between France and Spain.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Light;\">Signed in January 2023,\u00a0<strong><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Medium;\">the Treaty of Barcelona<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0laid the foundations for an exceptional bilateral agreement, designed to shape relations between Paris and Madrid in several key areas: politics, the economy, energy, the green transition and, of course, defence.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34f6859 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"34f6859\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a0236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"47a0236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From 2023 to 2026: a partnership reaffirmed at the summit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b02bcd elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1b02bcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03142eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"03142eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b8bbe6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b8bbe6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This high-level partnership has been cemented and given a vision for the future through\u00a0<span style=\"font-family: Marianne Medium;\"><strong>January 2026<\/strong><\/span>, during the official visit of the\u00a0<strong><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Medium;\">King Felipe VI of Spain at the \u00c9lys\u00e9e Palace<\/span><\/strong>. This summit-level exchange served to reaffirm the vitality of this strategic axis in the face of contemporary international crises, highlighting that Europe\u2019s security depends on its ability to bring its major players together.<\/p><p>Against a European backdrop characterised by geopolitical tensions and the need for resilience, France and Spain share a common ambition: to work together to strengthen strategic autonomy and the defence mindset across the continent.<\/p><p>The main points of this comprehensive agreement:<\/p><ul><li><div><strong><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Medium;\">Political and strategic dialogue<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: close and regular consultation between governments and the armed forces on matters of global security.<\/div><\/li><li><div><strong><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Medium;\">Energy sovereignty<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: the development of shared infrastructure to ensure security of supply and European resilience.<\/div><\/li><li><div><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Medium;\"><strong>Industrial synergies<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0: strengthened economic and industrial ties within the European defence and high-tech sectors.<\/div><\/li><li><div><strong><span style=\"font-family: Marianne Medium;\">International Coordination<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: a shared vision within the European Union and NATO in the face of asymmetric and hybrid threats.<\/div><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2353ca4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2353ca4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f6e899 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4f6e899\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A regional approach to the challenges of tomorrow<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e754c51 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e754c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1351cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d1351cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9242df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9242df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Treaty of Barcelona fully illustrates the importance of regional cooperation within the European Union. Faced with contemporary threats, European states are increasingly seeking to coordinate their actions in order to enhance their effectiveness, protection and resilience.<\/p><p>Looking beyond the strictly diplomatic aspects, this first port of call illustrates how relations between states can evolve over the centuries: from long-standing historical rivalries to a framework of lasting, shared strategic cooperation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9920f28 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9920f28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2cdc96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a2cdc96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Read the full report<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35989b2 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"35989b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2f9cd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2f9cd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/athena-a-la-plage-2026-le-tour-de-france-strategique\/\">Athena at the Beach 2026: The Strategic Tour de France \u2013 IHEDN: Institute for Higher National Defence Studies<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les Lundis de l&rsquo;IHEDN sont maintenant disponibles en version audio ! Cliquez ci-dessous pour \u00e9couter : 00:00 \/ 00:00 Dossier estival : \u00ab Ath\u00e9na \u00e0 la plage \u00bb fait son Tour de France ! \u00a0 Pour la quatri\u00e8me ann\u00e9e cons\u00e9cutive, l\u2019IHEDN vous accompagne tout au long de vos vacances avec le lancement de son grand [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":61716,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41,171],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61715","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lundis-de-lihedn","category-notre-selection"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Le trait\u00e9 de Barcelone : l&#039;axe franco-espagnol au c\u0153ur de la souvrainet\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense 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