{"id":62110,"date":"2026-08-02T08:14:34","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T07:14:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/?p=62110"},"modified":"2026-08-03T11:02:39","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T10:02:39","slug":"episode-1-des-voix-historiques-a-lihedn","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/episode-1-des-voix-historiques-a-lihedn\/","title":{"rendered":"Episode 1: Historic Voices at the IHEDN"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"62110\" class=\"elementor elementor-62110\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52bf7c7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52bf7c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715be8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"715be8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To mark the 90<sup>e<\/sup> To mark the IHEDN\u2019s anniversary, this summer we are publishing a selection of speeches delivered to students between the 1930s and the 1970s by intellectual and historical figures such as John F. Kennedy, Raymond Aron, Fernand Braudel and L\u00e9opold S\u00e9dar Senghor\u2026 This four-part series will explore the history of the Institute, the fundamentals of strategy, French society and what is now known as the \u00abGlobal South\u00bb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10823c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"10823c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6936f1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d6936f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3fdc71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f3fdc71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8f00d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e8f00d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vice-Admiral Raoul Castex, inaugural address, 15 October 1936<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02ea5a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"02ea5a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Defence Historical Service, reference GR 2N 279<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-360c435 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"360c435\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb5a4b6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eb5a4b6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ba38e4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9ba38e4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5286fb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5286fb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As its title suggests, this speech was the very first to be delivered to the Institute\u2019s students at the start of its very first national session. Vice-Admiral Raoul Castex (1878\u20131968), the first director and a leading military theorist, welcomed the students by looking back on the founding of what was then known as the Coll\u00e8ge des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale (CHEDN).<\/p><p>It is \u00abno easy task\u00bb to \u00abset up such a body from scratch in a very short space of time \u2013 within two months, to be precise \u2013 without any precedent of this kind\u00bb in France \u2013 he will go on to describe the case of the\u2019<em>Imperial Defence College<\/em> British, founded in 1927. He then explains the very concept of national defence, whose various components \u00abinfluence one another\u00bb, and delves into history to discuss strategic concepts such as total war.<\/p><p>He concludes by describing the ethos he intends to instil in this new college: \u00abHere there will prevail a very broad approach \u2013 one which I consider highly fruitful \u2013 characterised by free inquiry and independent discussion.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1dbc49 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a1dbc49\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a89c08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"5a89c08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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&& FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f58dc6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f58dc6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/CASTEX-1936.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read Admiral Castex\u2019s inaugural lecture<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-716ca43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"716ca43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5bb4ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c5bb4ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a20379 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2a20379\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4564bde elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4564bde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">General Charles Mast, opening address, 29 November 1948<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-631e0bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"631e0bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>French National Archives, reference number 20100024\/7<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd8811f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dd8811f\" 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&& FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3ad7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"df3ad7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/MAST-1948.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read General Mast\u2019s opening address<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be34980 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"be34980\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3d5c36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d3d5c36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26fbda9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26fbda9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Following the Second World War, the CHEDN was re-established in late 1948 under its definitive name, the Institute of Higher National Defence Studies. Its new director, General Charles Mast (1889\u20131977), distinguished himself in particular during the preparations for the Allied landings in North Africa in 1942, before becoming France\u2019s Resident-General in Tunisia until 1947.<\/p><p>In his speech, he warns his audience that the IHEDN \u00abis not some sort of super war college designed to introduce a select group of civilian figures to military strategy\u00bb:<\/p><p>\u00abThe aim of our Institute is quite different. It is to prepare civilian or military figures for their duties should they be called upon, either in peacetime or in the event of a conflict, to take up an important post either amongst members of the government or within the national defence staff, or within the country\u2019s economic governing bodies (whether in the nationalised or private sector).\u00bb<\/p><p>He then goes on to describe the organisation of the curriculum \u2013 the precursor to the current five major subjects of the national examination \u2013 the work of the committees, and the secrecy surrounding certain projects. Before concluding: \u00abSuch training is no less relevant in a peacetime economy than in a wartime one.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c563b7e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c563b7e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-868b1c4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"868b1c4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d497dd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d497dd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">President of the Republic Charles de Gaulle, opening address, 3 November 1959<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14bda68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"14bda68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>French National Archives, reference number 20100024\/30<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0f61a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c0f61a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8fb3cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a8fb3cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a957eb8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a957eb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c7a583 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c7a583\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charles de Gaulle (1890\u20131970) makes no mention of this in his speech, but he had already been associated with the IHEDN for almost thirty years when he addressed the national session in his capacity as President of the Republic in late 1959. Indeed, it was <a href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/ihedn-90-ans-de-resilience\/\">Battalion Commander de Gaulle<\/a> who, in a letter dated 20 April 1931 to Marshal P\u00e9tain, had foreshadowed the \u2019new educational order\u00ab which was realised five years later with the creation of the CHEDN. Promoted to lieutenant-colonel, he would in fact be one of its first speakers, on 22 October 1936.<\/p><p>This connection was to endure throughout his tenure as head of state, as he addressed the IHEDN\u2019s students almost every year until his resignation in 1969. On 3 November 1959, at the \u00c9cole Militaire, he also addressed the officers from the three war colleges and the Centre for Advanced Military Studies (CHEM), but it was the director of the IHEDN, the Inspector-General of Finance Jean Essig, whom he mentioned first.<\/p><p>His conclusion reads like a poetic definition of the concept of national defence, worthy of a Head of State: \u00abThere is no military talent or genius that has not served a broader political purpose. There is no great glory of a statesman that has not been enhanced by the splendour of national defence.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65d6e36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65d6e36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9ba6a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"a9ba6a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"62128\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" 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&& FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9fddef elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c9fddef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DE-GAULLE-1959.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read General de Gaulle\u2019s opening address <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47d57ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"47d57ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe4d58f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe4d58f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9949146 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9949146\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a41dc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3a41dc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">President of the United States John Fitzgerald Kennedy, welcoming address, 25 March 1963<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2362990 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2362990\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>French National Archives, reference number 20100024\/45<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d2f1ce e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" 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&& FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-272e955 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"272e955\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/KENNEDY-1963.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read President Kennedy\u2019s inaugural address<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35308fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"35308fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14bece8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"14bece8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ea1077 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9ea1077\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When he received the IHEDN delegates at the White House, President John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917\u20131963) was infinitely courteous towards his guests, who were embarking on a study mission in his country. Seated opposite him, alongside the Director of the IHEDN, General Fernand Gambiez, was the French Ambassador to Washington, Herv\u00e9 Alphand, a pillar of Franco-American relations who had held the post for nearly ten years, right in the midst of the Cold War.<\/p><p>\u00abYour brothers-in-arms in the US Armed Forces look forward to giving you a warm welcome at all the bases you visit,\u00bb said the US President, who tragically passed away eight months later:<\/p><p>\u00abI believe you will find that the American people regard the alliance with France as fundamental to our security, and that we consider close cooperation between France and the United States to be essential.\u00bb<\/p><p>Given the wording and the context of the time, his conclusion does indeed highlight the strength of the bond between the two countries: \u00abYou are the representatives of a warrior and distinguished race which has proven its military capabilities for a thousand years. We welcome you to this country as allies and friends who are fighting shoulder to shoulder with us for the freedom of the West in these troubled times.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79c2c05 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"79c2c05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fc0af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"9fc0af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/watch?v=_q6a_1Ta-SI&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68e376d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"68e376d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1483a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e1483a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e56a72b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e56a72b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>The next instalment in our series \u00abThe Pen and the Shield\u00bb will be published next week: \u00abThe School of Strategy\u00bb.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edf6ea8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"edf6ea8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/la-plume-et-le-bouclier\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Watch the whole series<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c04cd0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2c04cd0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07f7b38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"07f7b38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-969883b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"969883b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>The IHEDN would like to thank the Archives Mission within the Prime Minister\u2019s Office and the Defence Historical Service for facilitating access to these lectures.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For this first episode of our summer series on the major speeches delivered to the Institute\u2019s audience, we feature four prominent speakers: Admiral Castex and General Mast, our first two directors, and Presidents De Gaulle and Kennedy.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":62114,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41,171],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-62110","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lundis-de-lihedn","category-notre-selection"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u00c9pisode 1 : des voix historiques \u00e0 l\u2019IHEDN - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/episode-1-des-voix-historiques-a-lihedn\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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