{"id":62216,"date":"2026-08-23T08:13:32","date_gmt":"2026-08-23T07:13:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/?p=62216"},"modified":"2026-09-08T08:09:03","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T07:09:03","slug":"episode-4-avant-le-sud-global","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/episode-4-avant-le-sud-global\/","title":{"rendered":"Episode 4: Before the \u00abGlobal South\u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"62216\" class=\"elementor elementor-62216\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6936f1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d6936f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8f00d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e8f00d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u00e9opold S\u00e9dar Senghor, \u00abThe Black Soul\u00bb, 19 March 1960<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02ea5a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"02ea5a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>French National Archives, reference number 20100024\/36<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5286fb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5286fb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>An iconic figure of the 20th<sup>e<\/sup> In the 20th century, the Senegalese poet, writer and statesman L\u00e9opold S\u00e9dar Senghor (1906\u20132001) was one of the leading figures of the \u00abN\u00e9gritude\u00bb literary movement (alongside Aim\u00e9 C\u00e9saire from Martinique, in particular). His work, characterised by lyricism and humanism, earned him a place in the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise in 1983, making him the first African to be elected as a member.<\/p><p>Politically, Senghor played a decisive role in Senegal\u2019s march towards independence. Having served as a member of parliament and as a minister in several French governments under the Fourth<sup>e<\/sup> Republic; he became the first President of the Republic of Senegal on 7 September 1960, a post he held with a commitment to modernisation and stability until his voluntary resignation in 1980.<\/p><p>Beyond his terms of office, he remains a leading figure in the Francophonie, of which he was a fervent advocate. Convinced that the French language could serve as a bridge between peoples, he helped to shape the institutions that today promote cultural and linguistic cooperation across the world.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a4726b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a4726b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>On 19 March 1960, whilst he was President of Mali\u2019s short-lived Federal Assembly, the IHEDN invited him to speak on the \u2019black soul\u00ab. Senghor did so using the vocabulary of the time \u2013 employing terms such as \u00bbrace\u00ab, \u00bbNegro\u00ab or \u00bbNegro-African\u00ab \u2013 which, taken out of context, might shock contemporary readers. At a time when France\u2019s African colonies were gaining their independence, his ambition was to foster greater mutual understanding within a \u00bbrenewed Community\u00ab.<\/p><p>He posits as a fundamental principle that \u00abthe great reality of the 20th<sup>e<\/sup> The 21st century is characterised by the clash of civilisations in the development of the \u00bbCivilisation of the Universal\u2019, to which each continent must make its own specific contribution. For Senghor, this intimate understanding is the prerequisite <em>sine qua non<\/em> of any joint political project.<\/p><p>The speaker highlights a profound divergence in attitudes towards nature and the world: whilst the European, a man of will, analyses and objectifies reality in order to subdue it, the Black African proceeds by \u00abintuition\u00bb and \u00abparticipation\u00bb. Senghor defines \u00abNegritude\u00bb as the totality of the cultural values of the Black world, characterised by emotion, which he describes as an \u00abaffective attitude towards the world\u00bb. Far from being a weakness, this emotionality is presented as a \u00absource of Black African knowledge and art\u00bb, providing access to an invisible and magical \u2018sub-reality\u2019 that animates appearances.<\/p><p>In conclusion, Senghor emphasises that these differences, evident in both art and community social structures, are not insurmountable obstacles but rather the foundation for a fruitful partnership. He advocates for a Confederation in which the partners agree to be \u00abdifferent yet united\u00bb, considering that recognition of these psychological and cultural specificities is essential to the success of Franco-African cooperation. He thus sees this meeting of cultures as a \u00abmeeting of give and take\u00bb capable of serving as a model for humanity.<\/p><p>Throughout these thirteen pages, the future member of the Acad\u00e9mie Fran\u00e7aise sets out his arguments in poetic prose, as these few extracts illustrate:<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00abUnfortunately, we are not angels; whilst we may, in reality, be higher animals, we are animals all the same.\u00bb<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00abIn Black Africa, hidden behind social phenomena, lie the forces that govern them, animating appearances, giving them colour and rhythm, life and meaning.\u00bb<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00abBlack African society, like the universe, is an interconnected system of vital forces.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1dbc49 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" 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&& FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f58dc6a elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f58dc6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SENGHOR-1960.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read L\u00e9opold S\u00e9dar Senghor\u2019s lecture \u00abThe Black Soul\u00bb <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-716ca43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"716ca43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a20379 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2a20379\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4564bde elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4564bde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alfred Sauvy, \u00abThe World\u2019s Population\u00bb, 19 December 1975<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-631e0bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"631e0bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>French National Archives, reference number 20100024\/81<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26fbda9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26fbda9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The influence of the demographer, economist and sociologist Alfred Sauvy (1898\u20131990) had a profound impact on public policy in the 20th<sup>e<\/sup> century. A graduate of the \u00c9cole Polytechnique and a statistician by training, he devoted much of his career to the analysis of populations and their dynamics, notably serving as director of the National Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), which he helped to found in 1945. His approach, combining statistical rigour with social observation, made him a leading figure in the debate on demographic decline and the ageing of French society.<\/p><p>Known for his sharp mind and his talent for explaining complex ideas in simple terms, he is famous for having coined the term \u00abThird World\u00bb in 1952, drawing a historical parallel with the Third Estate of the French Revolution. The following year, he gave his first lecture at the IHEDN on demography in Europe. A prolific author, he theorised the \u00abshift\u00bb of the working population between different sectors of activity, a major contribution to our understanding of economic change.<\/p><p>As is often the case with the National Archives collection devoted to lectures given at the IHEDN, this document is not the full text of his lecture \u2013 his second and final one at the Institute \u2013 but a summary written by a member of the audience.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-460cdb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"460cdb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>On 19 December 1975, Alfred Sauvy himself admitted:<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00abThe \u00abThird World\u00bb \u2013 a term I coined many years ago \u2013 now encompasses very different realities. It is no longer a valid generalisation: alongside countries that have become wealthy, there are peoples suffering from hunger.\u00bb<\/p><p>The speaker emphasises that the global population explosion, which began after 1945 with the widespread adoption of medical techniques, is creating a major imbalance in relation to food resources. He strongly criticises the doomsday predictions of the Club of Rome (a think tank which published the report \u00abThe Limits to Growth\u00bb in 1972), describing them as \u00abscientific quackery\u00bb because they ignore the divisions between rich and poor countries, the latter being unable to obtain the protein hoarded by developed nations. Furthermore, he states that the latter \u00abdegrade and destroy the environment, pollute the air with carbon dioxide and are driving climate change\u00bb.<\/p><p>The demographer emphasises that birth control is a matter of \u00abeducation\u00bb and \u00abcultural change\u00bb that cannot be imposed from outside, as demonstrated by the failures of compulsory contraception programmes in the Third World. Conversely, he notes that countries such as Singapore, Formosa (now Taiwan) and Hong Kong have stabilised their populations thanks to a collective awareness of the \u00abvalue of human life and the value of children\u00bb.<\/p><p>Finally, Sauvy warns wealthy countries against the illusion that their own low birth rates would compensate for those of poorer countries. He warns that Europe, threatened by a \u00abrejection of life\u00bb and severe ageing, is turning into a \u00absociety of the infirm\u00bb (people in a permanent state of ill health) doomed to disappear in the face of an influx of younger, more dynamic populations.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf434e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cf434e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b60710b elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"b60710b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"62222\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" 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&& FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3ad7a elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"df3ad7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SAUVY-1975.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read the summary of Alfred Sauvy\u2019s lecture \u00abThe World\u2019s Population\u00bb <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efce559 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"efce559\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bea89e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5bea89e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04a3d3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"04a3d3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fernand Braudel, \u00abThe Characteristics of Civilisation in the Mediterranean Basin\u00bb, 11 January 1977<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b2f065 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b2f065\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>French National Archives, reference number 20100024\/83<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-673daf9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"673daf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fernand Braudel (1902\u20131985) was one of the most influential historians of the 20th<sup>e<\/sup> century on a global scale. After teaching in Algiers and then in S\u00e3o Paulo, he joined the \u00c9cole pratique des hautes \u00e9tudes in Paris, where he succeeded Lucien Febvre, the founder of the \u00c9cole des Annales (alongside Marc Bloch). His seminal work, <em>The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the time of Philip II<\/em> (1949) revolutionised the discipline by introducing the concept of the \u00ablongue dur\u00e9e\u00bb and shifting historians\u2019 focus from mere accounts of events to deep-seated geographical, economic and social structures.<\/p><p>Beyond his research, Braudel had a profound influence on French academia. As director of the VI<sup>e<\/sup> As a member of the \u00c9cole pratique des hautes \u00e9tudes and founder of the Maison des sciences de l\u2019homme, he shaped research in the humanities by promoting an interdisciplinary approach. His last major project, <em>Material civilisation, the economy and capitalism<\/em> (1979) confirmed his ambition to present a comprehensive history capable of capturing the dynamics of the world over several centuries, establishing him as a leading figure in contemporary intellectual thought.<\/p><p>As with Sauvy, the document we are presenting is a summary of his 1977 lecture, but this time it includes questions from the audience (which we have anonymised).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ac64f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ac64f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fernand Braudel presents the Mediterranean basin as a complex \u00abworld economy\u00bb, which must be analysed over a long timescale in order to distinguish between what is fundamental and what is ephemeral. He identifies three enduring variables: the physical environment (a man-made ecosystem), biological realities (demographic behaviour) and, above all, civilisations: \u00abMan is subject to the geographical environment and biological realities, but it is he who builds civilisations.\u00bb<\/p><p>For Braudel, \u00abcivilisations are not fundamentally mortal\u00bb, unlike states or economic systems, whose developments are more rapid and often superficial:<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00abLike all political realities, states do not last as long as one might think. In Italy in the 13th<sup>e<\/sup> and XIV<sup>e<\/sup> \u00bbAs many states over the centuries as there are in the world today.\"<\/p><p>The historian emphasises that civilisations, centred on myths and beliefs, dictate the underlying course of history, as evidenced by the difficulty in assimilating populations during past conquests in Spain or Algeria. Whilst the Mediterranean has long played a \u00abformative\u00bb role for civilisations, it now finds itself on the periphery as the global economic centre of gravity has shifted towards the United States. Braudel, moreover, expresses marked pessimism regarding the region\u2019s economic future, given that since 1970 we have entered a phase of \u00abdecline\u00bb within a secular cycle.<\/p><p>During his discussions with the audience, Braudel elaborated on his views regarding contemporary issues, particularly in relation to ideologies. He observes that Marxist ideology is \u00abat home in the Mediterranean\u00bb, explaining that Catholic countries in the region are more receptive to it than Protestant ones because the latter harbour no hostility towards capital. With regard to French influence, he advocates an effective policy based on the training of foreign intellectuals rather than simply increasing the number of educational facilities abroad:<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00abFrance pays little attention to its true riches, which are its cultural riches.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-222d731 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"222d731\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9aec8fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"9aec8fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" 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&& FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2de26f1 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2de26f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BRAUDEL-1977-sans-les-noms.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read the summary of Fernand Braudel\u2019s lecture \u00abThe Characteristics of Civilisation in the Mediterranean Basin\u00bb<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ad9072 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0ad9072\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acbb74c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"acbb74c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7be64f elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"f7be64f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/watch?v=5M-qC0JXepc&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68e376d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"68e376d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1483a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e1483a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edf6ea8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"edf6ea8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/la-plume-et-le-bouclier\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Watch the whole series<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c04cd0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2c04cd0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07f7b38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"07f7b38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-969883b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"969883b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>The IHEDN would like to thank <\/em><em>the Archives Unit within the Prime Minister\u2019s Office for facilitating access to these speeches.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this final instalment of our summer series, three leading intellectuals of the 20th<sup>e<\/sup> These 20th-century figures analyse various aspects of what was then known as the \u00abThird World\u00bb: the coiner of the term, the demographer Alfred Sauvy; the Senegalese statesman L\u00e9opold S\u00e9dar Senghor; and the historian Fernand Braudel.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":62154,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41,171],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-62216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lundis-de-lihedn","category-notre-selection"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u00c9pisode 4 : avant le \u00ab Sud global \u00bb - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/episode-4-avant-le-sud-global\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u00c9pisode 4 : avant le \u00ab Sud global \u00bb - L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dans ce dernier \u00e9pisode de notre s\u00e9rie estivale, trois figures intellectuelles majeures du XXe si\u00e8cle analysent des dimensions de ce qu\u2019on appelait \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque le \u00ab tiers-monde \u00bb : le cr\u00e9ateur de cette expression, le d\u00e9mographe Alfred Sauvy, l\u2019homme d\u2019\u00c9tat s\u00e9n\u00e9galais L\u00e9opold S\u00e9dar Senghor, et l\u2019historien Fernand Braudel.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/en\/lundis-de-lihedn\/episode-4-avant-le-sud-global\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"L&#039;IHEDN : Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes de d\u00e9fense nationale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ihedn\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-08-23T07:13:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-08T07:09:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/La-plume-et-le-bouclier_episode_4.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Coline Dassonville\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IHEDN\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IHEDN\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Coline Dassonville\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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